Preservation vs Conservation Essay Example for Free

Preservation vs Conservation Essay John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and Aldo Leopold are three influential figures responsible for shaping the foundations of the ideologies of the modern environmental movements. However, although Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold represented the grave environmental concern, they also represented the rift between preservationists and conservationists. This ideological divide among environmental groups arose from widely-differing assumptions, beliefs, and attitudes on how nature and the environment should be seen in the one hand, and how human role in relation to nature and the environment should be defined. Thus, despite the fact that Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold were among the most important environmentalists of their time, irreconcilable ideological differences kept them from successfully working together for environmental causes and initiatives. In â€Å"The Mountains of California,† John Muir provides a detailed description of the mountainous features of the Sierra Nevada and natural formations in the Yosemite Valley, including the animals and plants that are found in these habitats. Muir informs the readers not only of his impressions of the play of light on the slopes of the mountains but also describes his awe of the beauty of nature found in the California mountain range. In this sense, Muir advances the idea that human beings should not be allowed to destroy the things created by nature. Along this line, Muir suggests that wildlife and other things in nature should not be subject to human activities that aim to make a profit out of natural resources. Meanwhile, Aldo Leopold uses the descriptions of his encounters and experiences with nature in â€Å"A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There† to illustrate the fact that modernization and industrial development has alienated human beings from the biotic community. He further argues that human intervention and activities in the aim of making nature more profitable or less hostile to human beings, such as killing deadly predators, have managed to offset the natural balances which have had catastrophic results for animal and plant life in many habitats. Leopold therefore advocates for human beings to establish a harmonious relationship with nature based on the â€Å"land ethic,† which emphasizes the human obligation to preserve the dignity of the earth and everything found in it and not to do anything that would degrade and harm the natural environment. In an essay excerpt from his work â€Å"The Fight for Conservation,† Gifford Pinchot states his concern about the impact of environmental devastation on business activities and human life and argues for greater state intervention in managing natural resources to ensure sustainable use and to deter unscrupulous exploitation of these resources. In essence, Gifford advocates for a reform not only in how modern American society viewed its natural resources to be inexhaustibe but also for a concrete reform in natural resource policy to implement measures to manage forests and other resources. Hence, Gifford argues for the implementation of management programs in the aim of averting future natural resource depletion crises that would have adverse effects on the national economy and private enterprise. Gifford’s framework for his advocacy was based on the premise that the imports of raw materials were often costly and therefore unpractical for many businesses, which made state management of resource materials more cost-efficient and cost-effective. It is clear from these selections that all three authors were against the wanton expoitation of natural resources. Likewise, Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold acknowledged the role of human activities in the degradation of the environment. For instance, Muir’s descriptive essay of Sierra Nevada and its surroundings is very much similar to Leopold’s musings on the diversity found in nature and how human beings should work to preserve the integrity of their natural environment. In the same manner, all three authors called attention to increasing environmental problems wrought about by the reckless use and abuse of ecological resources such as forests and grasslands. However, a deeper look at the writings of Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold’s present the distinctive ideas and assumptions that inform the arguments and positions of the three authors. It is in these details that the critical reader ultimately sees the clash in the preservationist and conservationist stance of the three authors. For instance, Pinchot’s conservationist perspective is emphasized by his focus on the management of resources to maximize the benefit to humans, based on the assumption that nature and the things or beings found in nature existed for human use. Likewise, most of Pinchot’s arguments are premised on the idea that human beings are the center and the goal of conserving nature and its bounty. In contrast, Muir’s preservationist belief is characterized by the view that nature and wildlife should be kept in the same state of being pristine and untrammelled by humans. Similar to Muir’s perspective, Leopold suggests that humans should see themselves as part of the biotic community instead of seeing themselves as the center of all creations. The writings of both authors are influenced by the basic assumption that nature and wildlife, as living beings, have innate rights and accordingy, humans have the obligation to ensure that these rights are enjoyed or protected. Thus, the basic and most significant difference between the preservationist and conservationist camp stemmed from the belief and attitude towards nature wherein the former believed that nature should be protected for nature’s sake, while the latter espoused the protection or management or nature for human being’s sake. The three author’s basic arguments and underlying assumtions are further revealed in their narratives. Both Muir and Leopold clearly write from the perspective of someone who has experienced a close connection with nature. This is evident in the ability of these authors to describe the scenes of nature and the wildlife found in it down to the minute details, to recall their most personal feelings in their encounters of the beauty and wonder of nature, and in their reflections and thoughts about these encounters. Pinchot, on the other hand, writes in a manner that is devoid of any sentimentality about the intrinsic characteristics of nature but calls forth self-serving human interests for continued survival and societal development to argue for natural resource management. Clearly, the three authors represent the major strains of thought in environmental preservation and conservation. Muir, with his emphasis on the total preservation of nature and wildife and his insistence on distancing human life from the works of nature, represents the ecological rights perspective in environmental preservation. In the same manner, Leopold’s argument about seeing the bigger picture in terms of wildlife and nature preservation encapsulates the basic premise of the ecosystem approach in natural resource management. Meanwhile, Pinchot’s focus on the conservation of nature through efficient use and the maximization of available resources is at the heart of sustainable resource management approaches. Therefore, it is not surprising that despite being contemporaries as significant environmental theorists and activitists of their time, Muir, Pinchot, and Leopold were kept apart by basic differences in their assumptions and viewpoints. This is because the basic assumptions that underlined their beliefs in either preservation or conservation not only determined their stance on the environment but also addressed the crucial question of how nature should be used—or if it should be used at all—for continued human development. References: Leopold, Aldo. (2008). Excerpt from ‘A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There. ’ In Environmental Studies, 2nd Edition (pp. 10-12). United States: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Muir, John. (2008). Excerpt from ‘The Mountains of California. In Environmental Studies, 2nd Edition (pp. 5-7). United States: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pinchot, Gifford. (2008). Excerpt from ‘The Fight for Conservation. ’ In Environmental Studies, 2nd Edition (pp. 8-9). United States: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Flawless Heroes? :: essays research papers

Flawless Heroes? It is important for youth to have heroes but society cannot ignore the facts and only report on the good side of those heroes. Everyone is human, and they are going to make mistakes. Hopefully they learn from those mistakes, and if those mistakes are brought to light and conveyed to the young people then they too learn from those mistakes. History has a duty to report on the entire story. To report anything less would be wrong. To just simply say that Columbus was a perfect man who never did anything wrong would paint an unrealistic picture of the past. Mr. Gibbon, the author of this article seems to think that reality is a bad thing and should not be taught in our classrooms. Today's youth however need to be prepared for life in some way. They cannot be fed everything with a sugar coated spoon. If they were given everything on a silver platter like that then when they walked out into the real world for the first time they would not be able to adjust and become a productive part of society. Today's young people are in search of heroes as Mr. Gibbon suggests, but every person is going to have some skeletons in their closet, hero or no hero. To ask society to ignore the facts just so young people can feel that these people are perfectly squeaky clean is wrong. Society cannot lie to them. There is some value to teaching reality even though Mr. Gibbon doesn't seem to think so. Mr. Gibbon mentions that there is some sort of "tradition of exemplary lives" in society's heroes that used to exist but no longer does. However there never was such a tradition of wonderfully perfect people with perfect lives. Back then people ignored the facts and decided to believe that these people were perfect when the fact was that they were not perfect, they were just human. You cannot shield today's young people. You can't just cover their eyes to reality. Reality must be exposed and studied so they can try to understand the world. I agree with Gibbon that parents are the first and most important educators and they must try to make their lives exemplary so their children will

Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency

A child is an innocent figure only looking for love and care from those around them. No one can ever imagine that the lives of children are put in danger everyday. Child abuse is commonly known for physical marks such as bruises or broken bones. It is obvious that some marks are not from falling off a bike and those are the signs that appear that something is wrong with the child. According to the Florida Statue, abuse means any willful act or threatened act that results in any physical, mental, or sexual injury or harm that causes or is likely to cause the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health to be significantly impaired.Abuse of a child includes acts or omissions. Corporal discipline of a child by a parent or legal custodian for disciplinary purposes does not in itself constitute abuse when it does not result in harm to the child. [s. 39. 01(2),F. S. ]. However, there are several types of abuse. Emotional abuse and neglect can also mean making a child feel worthless , not paying attention to them, and putting them in dangerous situations. Whether it is physical or not child abuse is never an answer to a situation because the end result will only cause harm.Some often wonder about child delinquents and the reason behind their actions. Children’s behavior can be the result of genetic, social, and environmental factors. In addition, it can relate to their emotional, cognitive, and physical characteristics. In this particular topic it is a factor as to why children become a delinquent. Some may debate that it is not a result of child abuse that children’s behavior become corrupt but there are behaviors that mirror what the child is going through in their life. I. Prevalence Once a child has been abused there are several outcomes for them as they grow up.With that outcome creates a strong relationship between child abuse and later delinquency. Being abused at a young age increases the occurrence of a child to become delinquent and resu lts in being arrested. Researchers found that the prevalence of child abuse was a risk factor for delinquency, violent delinquency, and moderate delinquency. It was seen frequently in a more serious form of delinquency in dealing with assaults but not in lesser forms of delinquency such as underage drinking (Cross, 2003). On the other side of this issue some people believe that being abused as a child does not ecessarily mean that the child will become a delinquent. Abuse alone does not lead to an act of violence. It would seem that something peculiar about certain kinds of abuse would promote delinquency or that additional factors interact with abuse and together it will contribute to the development of antisocial, often aggressive behavior. Although about 20 percent of abused children go on to become delinquent, retrospective studies indicate that surprisingly high percentages of delinquents were previously abused, neglected, or both.The United States Department of Health and Huma n Services has estimated that approximately 3. 4 children per 1,000 per year are physically abused. These proportions provide some measure with which to compare the prevalence of a history of abuse in delinquents (Cicchetti, 2001). II. Effects on Children There are several effects on children involved in child abuse. These effects are so strong that a child may never be able to deal and cope with what they have experienced. Effects may range from having trouble in relationships with others to not being able to function in a work setting.For children as young as twelve months old there are immediate effects of child abuse such as injuries resulting from shaking. Physical child abuse can vary from child to child depending on six factors: severity of the physical abuse, frequency of the abuse, age of the child when physical abuse begun, child’s relationship to the abuser, availability of support from people, and child’s ability to cope (Pipe, 2008). How hard a child is st ruck is only one aspect of severity. The object in which the child is struck with can also be a factor.It does not mean that a fist or an open hand will cause less effects but, the measure of damaged done to the child can make a big difference in how the child will cope. It only takes one punch, one slap, or one broken bone to lead to a severe trauma and the more a child is abused on a regular basis the more effects will be placed on the child. If a child is being abused at a young age it will leave more of an impact on them. It will also show a bigger impression as they continue to age. As for the abuser, it is usually someone the child knows and has a close relationship with such as a parent.When being close to the abuser it makes it harder for the child to betray their trust in telling others what is occurring. A child may even fear the abuser and is force to keep quiet so they will not face harsher punishments. Instead of having that person take care of them they are hurting the child. Sometimes a child has one person or friend who they can turn to when they feel lost or confused about what is happening to them but, when there is no one to lean on they may encounter feelings of abandonment which then adds on to more effects of abuse.Coping strategies can also be a form of effects for children. An abused child may be the class clown in class where they use their humor to cover up their sufferings. Some other effects include lack of trust and relationship difficulties. Being abused by the one person who should be the first person to trust is putting a child in a position that no one is safe. By breaking that bond and trust with a child it will forever make it difficult for them to have a relationship with anyone.They may never understand what a good relationship consists of since all they know is how to be abusive and controlling over another person. Another effect on children is feeling worthless. Some believe that name calling should not leave a mark on a person but for young children not knowing any better or understanding the concept of what is being done to them can make them truly believe whatever is being said to them. They will believe that they are not smart or pretty and grow up thinking that they are damaged and are good for nothing.Lastly, abused children tend to have problems expressing their feelings and regulating their emotions. Some children keep quiet to themselves and hold all their emotions inside while others may lash out unexpectedly causing them to become aggressive and harming others. If these emotions are not dealt with right away it will carry on to their adulthood where they will struggle with issues such as anger and depression which then can lead to drugs and alcohol. The effects of abuse can continue on in a variety of ways but this is only a handful of effects that can occur. III.Role of Professional Social Worker in addressing the issue A social worker, whether protective or one who has other job functio ns, is considered to be a professional (Popple and Leighninger, 2007). A professional is one who possesses the following: a systematic body of knowledge, authority because of his or her expertise, sanction from the community, a code of ethics, a professional culture, and an obligation to professionalism or to perform competently (Crowsson-Tower, 2010). As for child abuse, a social worker must know and understand what is going on in the home of an abusive child.He or she will need to have the knowledge of how to work with the family and what they do and do not like. Being in this field of work a social worker will have the role of working with different systems such as the community and the government. They will need to be aware of what will always be best for the client even if it results in removing a child from the home. A child may not understand why they are being taken away from their home but the social worker will have to trust their instincts of how to handle the situation.A social worker will always have the authority from their agency to take and place children into the foster care system. From knowledge, authority, and community sanctions social workers are able and are mandated to report any situation they feel should be reported. By committing these acts, a social worker is following the code of ethics as well as a professional mannerism. In addition, social workers and administrators may hold divergent views on the needs of the clients within the context of overall agency responsibilities.Thus, there is a culture of related professionals who, despite similarities, are often quite different in their views and opinions (Crosson-Tower, 2010). Other roles a profession social worker must carry is having ethical competence. There are many diverse clients who social workers will come across and will need to be able to relate to their client’s values, language, history, traditions, and basic ways to accommodate the needs of the minority clients. F urthermore, when having clients that are young like children, social workers will need to know personal qualities such as showing warmth and sensitivity.These qualities are crucial in this role as many children who have been abused do not understand how it feels to be nurtured. A social worker may not get carried away with their sensitive side as it is also their responsibility to provide structure and allocate the duties of the child’s case. IV. Intervention Techniques Once a child has been abused and a social worker has been informed everything becomes intensified when dealing with the family. An intervention process is then put into work where techniques are brought into the scene so no harm is done and no one will remain upset.Effective intervention that is, to intervene so as to cause the least damage and prove the most helpful with culturally diverse populations necessitates several areas of expertise on the part of the worker and agency (Fontes, 2008; Leigh, 1998; Roth man, 2007). If there is a city with a high culture of Hispanics, it is a good technique to have many case workers who are fluent in Spanish. Creating intervention techniques may be easy or difficult depending on the family. However, one main technique that is proven to be helpful is identifying the strengths of the family.Before they know what they have done is wrong it is easier to develop a bond with them by assuring them that they can trust you as their social worker. As this trust is gained it is merely one step at a time and one problem at a time for the family. The social worker will then help the family choose their goals and how to go about accomplishing them. In this particular circumstance in child abuse there are a lot of resources that must be used during the intervention stage. A family will need to focus on treatment of an abusive parent, legal issues, employment, parenting skills, and any other services needed for the intervention.Removing a child from the home may be best at this point since signs of abuse are obvious but it may also be a benefit for the parent where they are able to relieve any tension and focus on themselves. Techniques that are commonly used in intervention also consist of self-disclosure, instilling hope, working through resistance, and use of a sense of humor. Demonstrating similar stories on how people overcome problems in the same situation will help the client realize that they are not the only ones who have been put in their situation and it is possible for them to make a turnaround.Instilling hope gives the client the strength and confidence in themselves and the ability to become a better person. There may be some parents who refuse to work through treatment but social workers should not take this as an offense as it may be that the parents have always been passive. The social worker will then have to work with the parents in trying to get to them to open up. Lastly, by demonstrating a sense of humor with laughter gi ves off a comfort to the client. V. Implications for PracticeAs the saying goes, practice makes perfect however, in this profession one can never receive enough practice. Working with others is a big responsibility where the life of someone such as children is placed in your hands to protect. The most evident ways to practice for this career is to take as many courses as possible to prepare you for any and every situation possible. Never assume to work with only one client population as there are a various ethnicities. One must be able to work with diverse populations and be able to research on cultures if it is not known.Some other suggestions for practice are to role play with others who are involved with working in the same field. Being put in a position is the experience that all future social workers need whether they are the client or the case worker. Researching on cases and learning the concepts behind the meaning of why and how protocols are used can be an immense amount of help. Volunteering as well will give the experience a person will need to work in this field. It is better to find out early on that this is a career one wants then to be stressed over why they chose to do it.Shadowing workers can also give good practice on what to do and what not to do when working with clients. In the end, once you are placed in the field and are working with others, a social worker will grasp the concept and procedures of how to handle each case. As long as the passion is there to do what it best for the client the social worker will always be doing their job. References Chapter 39, Florida Statues and excerpts from the Florida rules of juvenile procedure. (2005). Tallahassee: Florida Cicchetti, D. (2001).Child maltreatment: theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. New York: New York Cross, Theodore P. , Wendy A. Walsh,  Monique Simone,  Lisa M. Jones, â€Å"Prosecution of Child Abuse: A Meta-Analysis of Rates of Crimin al Justice Decisions,† Trauma, Violence, & Abuse: A Review Journal. Volume 4 (October 2003): pages 323-340. Crosson-Tower, C. (2010). Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (8th ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Fontes, L. A. (2008). Child Abuse and Culture. New York: Guilford. Leigh, J. W. (1998). Communicating for Cultural Competence.Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Pipe, Margaret-Ellen, Yael Orbach, Michael Lamb, Craig B. Abbott, Heather Stewart, Do Best Practice Interviews with Child Abuse Victims Influence Case Processing? (pdf, 123 pages), Washington, D. C. , National Institute of Justice, U. S. Department of Justice, NCJ 224524, November 2008. Popple, P. R. , and Leighninger, I. (2007). Social Work, Social Welfare, and American Society. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Rothman. J. C. (2007). Cultural Competence in Process and Practice: Building Bridges. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson

Special Education in Classrooms Across America Essay

In classrooms across America, teachers must provide instruction that is culturally, linguistically appropriate as well as based on core standards. Special education gives children instruction based upon their unique needs based on a documented disability. Student disabilities often involve mental, physical, emotional and behavioral issues that makes instruction a challenge. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. (Building the legacy: IDEA 2004) This law provides guidelines for the educational system to identify, assess and†¦show more content†¦This can make education in a general classroom challenging. For example, boys have a reputation for being disruptive or playing too rough subsequentially, this can challenge the classroom management skills of even the mo st experienced teacher. According to the U.S. Department of Education 75% of student with disabilities are boys. (Truth in labeling, 2007) This is a disproportional number of boys vs. girls in special education with a higher than average number being African American males. In general, boys are more active and tend to move around more class and many struggle to focus during classroom activities. Gollnick and Chinn report a disproportionate placement of African American males in classes for student with emotional disturbances or labeled as mental retarded (p. 163). This is troubling in that this type of labeling can stigmatize a student unfairly and cause a student to be inappropriately placed in special education classes. The number of people who are affected by mental retardation (also known as intellectual disability) is statistically low; according to CDC it is about -1.5%. (Developmental disabilities, 2001) Low cognitive ability may be due to premature birth, brain injury before, during childbirth, some children have mild symptoms and or develop slower than their peers. It is important to investigate the child and their family situation as a part of the decision-making process in determining specialShow MoreRelatedStudent Demographics Of Richmond County Schools1273 Words   |  6 Pagescity in Georgia with a population of about 200,000. The school district includes 56 schools that serves 32, 426 students grades Pre-K through 12. There are 33 Elementary schools, 9 Middle schools, 8 Comprehensive high schools, 4 Magnet schools, 1 Special school and 1 Charter school. 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The Impact Of Facebook On A Cyber World - 1617 Words

We are now living in a cyber-world, where everything is connected using internet. We use internet to connect anything from machine to machine, country to country, and most important – to connect people from the entire world. In recent years, people are becoming more and more interested in social networking sites. On top of that, Facebook is the most popular and widely use one. a study in 2013 show that more than 500 million people spend about 700 billion minutes on Facebook per month and half of them log into their account in a given day, and average user has about 130 contacts (Mustafa). And now the number is triple higher only after 2 years. The company potential valuation up to $100 billion in 2012, and keep growing. The success of Facebook is undeniable, but the company still very young and try to figure it out how it will become and make profits. 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Coca-Cola Companys Situation Analysis and the Association of the Research Proposal

Essays on Coca-Cola Company's Situation Analysis and the Association of the Company with Olympics Research Proposal The paper â€Å"Coca-Cola Company’s Situation Analysis and the Association of the Company with Olympics† is a  breathtaking example of a research proposal on marketing. The Coca-Cola Company has just launched its Global 2012 Olympic marketing campaign on 29th September 2011. The marketing campaign is titled â€Å"Move to the Beat† and it is led by Mark Ronson, a British Grammy award-winning music producer. This paper analyzes this move made by Coca-Cola with the aim of finding out whether it is good for the company or not. It further identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the Coca-Cola Company after taking this move so as to determine opportunities for further growth in the future. The paper analyzes the Coca-Cola Company with the aim of further understanding of whether the marketing campaign is good for the company or not.The Olympic Games are major intercontinental sporting events that feature both winter and summer sports involvi ng the participation of thousands of athletes from all over the world in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are regarded as the world’s most popular sports competitions. Currently, the games are held every two years because the winter and summer Olympic Games keep alternating, but in the real sense, they occur after every four years of their respective seasonal games (Buchanan 2001). The Olympic Games are known to attract worldwide attention through various forms of media and millions of spectators who turn up to the host cities to witness them. The Olympic Games have therefore proven to be one of the most effective platforms for international marketing in the world. This is because of the worldwide recognition and appreciation that they have, reaching billions and billions of people, in more than 200 territories and countries throughout the world.From the five rings symbol of the Olympics, it is evident that the Olympic movement aims to unite the five inhabited con tinents of the world, namely Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. The Coca-Cola Company realized the effectiveness of the Olympic Games in bringing people together and in attracting and retaining the attention of billions of people throughout the world. The Company has therefore decided to launch a marketing campaign for the London Olympics expected in 2012. The campaign is aimed at bringing sport, music and the youth together and also create popularity for the Coca-Cola Company among sports lovers, the youth, music lovers and the rest of the world. The Coca-Cola Company aims to make this marketing campaign different from the other campaigns that it has been using in the previous Olympic Games. The Coca-Cola Company operates in a highly competitive business environment and has decided to use the 2012 London Olympics as a platform to market itself (Coca-Cola 2011).Situation Analysis of the Coca-Cola CompanyIn 1886, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, began selling a new c aramel-colored carbonated drink. It was through Pemberton’s initiative that the world today has one of the most famous beverages (Pendergrast 2000). Innovative businessmen such as Robert Woodruff and Asa Griggs Candler helped Pembroke to give this beverage the status that it has today. The drink came to be known as Coca-Cola, or simply Coke. The trio developed the beverage business and started the Coca-Cola Company (Elliott 2002). The company has grown to be the world’s largest beverage company. It boasts of over 500 international still and sparkling brands and has more than 15 billion dollar brands in its portfolio (Coca-Cola 2011). The Coca-Cola Company operates in over 200 countries and serves more than 1.7 billion customers per day. It has more than 3500 different products including sparkling beverages, still beverages, juices, and juice drinks, coffees, teas, waters, energy drinks, sports drinks, soy-based beverages, and milk-based beverages among others. The miss ion of the Coca-Cola Company is to refresh the world, inspire moments of optimism and create value while making a difference. The company is committed to sustainability through protecting the environment, respecting the people, offering safe and quality products and supporting communities.

Responsibilities of Reserve Bank

Question: Discuss about the Responsibilities of Reserve Bank. Answer: Introduction: The Reserve Bank of Australia is the central bank of the continent which is mainly involved in the conduct of the various monetary policies, entails towards protection of a strong fiscal system and issues the nations currency as well. Since it is the policy making body it has the authority to give some chosen banking related as well as registry services to a number of Australian Government agencies and abroad central banks and official financial institutions. The RBA also has the responsibility of supervision of the gold and foreign exchange reserves. The bank derives its functions, roles and responsibilities from the Reserve Bank Act 1959. As per the said Act there are two boards namely the Reserve Bank Board and the Payments Systems Board. The former one is governed by the monetary policies which are spelt out in Section 10(2) and 11(1) of the Act. The first section details that it is the duty of the RBA board to ensure that the fiscal and the banking policies of the bank is formulated in such a manner so as to ensure that it provides greatest advantage to the citizens of Australia and that the powers of the Bank are performed in a manner which would ensure that the Australian currency is stable, it provides full employment in the nation and lastly it ensures that the people of Australia prosper economically. Section 11(1) of the said Act requires the officials of the RBA to ensure that the government is kept updated of the banks present and ongoing policy structure. However the second board i.e. the payments systems board is defined in Section 10B(3) of the Act which states that the board within the limits of its powers should make sure that the banks payment system policy is designed in a manner which provides the maximum benefit to the people of the nation and the powers of the Bank under the Payment System (Regulation) Act 1998 and the Payment Systems and Netting Act 1998 are performed in a manner which would ensure that the best efforts are being made to control any kinds of risk in the financial system, encouraging the competence of the payments system and enhancing the competition in the market for the payment services which is in line with overall steadiness of the present economic system. As discussed, the Reserve Bank of Australia, entails specialised banking services to the Australian government, agencies, other central banks as well as the overseas banks. The Reserve Bank extends facilities to the Government which helps them to take care of a group of bank accounts known as the Official Public Account (OPA) Group, the total of which connotes the Governments routine cash status. The banking facilities provided by RBA includes the provisioning of the term deposit facility which helps in the investment of extra finances, the interchanging of balances to and from agencies accounts which are maintained by the transactional bankers, and lastly accessibility to an overdraft balance. The RBA offers various transactional banking services to various Government agencies of Australia which include facilities of bank accounts, online payment services which is inclusive of the on line and card based payments, dispensation and allocating of the major chunk of electronic direct credit and debit operations which is inclusive of medical rebates, salaries and various payments to suppliers, various collection and receivables related services such as internet, on call and online card based services, payment facilities across the borders which includes direct entry, electronic funds transfer and cheque payments as well, document printing services wherein the agencies can by electronic means ask the RBA to issue cheques and such other payment instruments on their behalf and ensure reconciliation of the cheques, storehouse and corroboration services which should include such a system which would help in detection of frauds. As discussed earlier, the Payment Systems (Regulation) Act 1998 gives the Payments System Board constitutional powers to take care of some of the issues related to the accessibility of the clearing and the settlement systems. Further to this, the RTGS system was introduced very late in Australia, at around June 1998 which led to an impressive eradication of the settlement risk since over ninety percent of the payment in value terms which was being conducted between the Australian Financial Institutions which are now settled by the usage of real time system. However thus settlement process is not recommendable for the small payments. There are three main consumer clearing streams i.e. the Australian Paper Clearing System was the cheques and such other paper related payment instructions, the Bulk Electronic Clearing System for an instant debit and credit payment instructions and the Consumer Electronic Clearing System for the ATM and EFTPOS transactions. Although CECS had not started t o operate because it had yet not attained permission from the Australian Commission and Consumer Commission until 2001. Hence the ATM and the EFTPOS clearings are dependent upon the individual bilateral agreements amongst the players. Thus on a concluding note it is understood that the main responsibility of the Reserve Bank of Australia is to formulate such fiscal and monetary policies which would help to maintain the banking system in line with the financial stability. It performs the role of a banker for the government of the nation and also issues the currency note to ensure that there is financial stability and the balance of payments is maintained within the economy. Lastly, the RBA also plays a crucial role in performing the function of banking by extending its arms to the various overseas banks and regulating the various banking transactions such as that of an NEFT, RTGS or cheque clearance. However it does not provide banking services to the general public and is active in providing direct banking service to the government, commercial banks and such other clients. References: APRA., (1998), Memorandum of Understanding: The Reserve Bank of Australia and The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, Available at https://www.apra.gov.au/AboutAPRA/Documents/MoU-RBA-Reserve-Bank-of-Australia.PDF (Accessed 13th March 2017) Centralbanksguide. Com., (2015), Reserve Bank of Australia, Available at https://www.centralbanksguide.com/reserve+bank+of+australia/ (Accessed 13th March 2017) Lowe,P., (2015), The Reserve Bank of Australias regulatory responsibilities, Available at https://www.bis.org/review/r151109a.pdf (Accessed 13th March 2017) Reserve Bank of Australia, (2017), Our Role, Available at https://www.rba.gov.au/about-rba/our-role.html (Accessed 13th march 2017) Stevens,G., (2010), Reserve Bank of Australia The Role of Finance, Available at https://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1325786/10-20_Reserve_Bank_of_Australia,_the_Role_of_Finance.pdf (Accessed 13th March 2017)