As We Are Now, May Sarton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

As We Are Now, May Sarton - Essay Example Unlike what is portrayed to the outside world by the staff members of these homes, the situation on the ground as revealed by Sarton in her book As We Are Now is very different. This essay will seek to provide my in-depth personal analysis of the portrayal and aesthetics of aging in the novel As We Are Now by May Sarton. Many reviewers have categorized the story as a classic horror story filled with sad events but in my opinion, there is a point that Sarton tries to bring across through their vivid description. How are older adults described and portrayed? Please include at least physical, mental and personality characteristics? In the novel As We Are Now, senior citizens have been portrayed as a group of helpless individuals who are bound to suffer in the hands of their caretakers due to a myriad of factors such as contempt, neglect or plain sadism on the part of their caretakers. The old people are seen as mentally unstable and a burden to their families and friends due to their he alth problems that requires them to constantly seek assistance from the younger members of the family. A good example is the persona herself who is brought into the retirement home by her elder brother after she suffers a heart attack and the brother is unable to take care of her. She is viewed as a burden by her brothers much younger wife and this is the reason why she is sent to a retirement home. While older people may be unhygienic and unaware of their cleanliness status, it is evident that they are viewed as dirty people. Those who send them to retirement homes such as Caro’s brother do so to pass on the responsibilities to other people at a small fee. While this reason may be sensible to some extent, it is evident that many horrific incidents happen in these homes. What is the role and relationship between the older character and other characters in the book? Caro plays many roles as an older character in the novel As We Are Now. In the novel, it is revealed that Standi sh, a fellow aged and deaf senior citizen is her ally since they share the same dislike for Harriet. There is evidence of generational conflict where the two have the same hatred for Harriet who is relatively younger. Caro relates with other characters quite indifferently since very little is revealed about them apart from how they look or their challenges. She gets angry when Harriet vehemently refuses to call in a doctor after Standish health condition deteriorates and he is in great pain. This serves to reveal her personality that despite her aging, she is still loving and caring. There exists a very poor relationship between Caro and her brother. This is evidenced by the fact that he is quick to send her to a nursing home after she suffers from a heart attack. She experiences hateful and hurting treatment from both Harriet and Rose coupled with dehumanizing living conditions. The negativity and resentment that both have towards her make her suffer in silence because Harriet runs the nursing home. What were the occupations of the elders? Upon analysis of the novel, Caro is revealed as a former teacher who had no previous spouse from the fact that she was unmarried. Standish Flint on the other hand is presented as a farmer who is deaf and angry at the fact that he can no longer work in his farm. It is evident that most of the people in the nursing home were once in some kind of employment in their previous years but had to give up their employment in their sunset years. This means that they left the workforce to probably pave way for new and younger talent. Caro does not seem to have as many regrets and anger as that held by Standish. Nonetheless, the general mood I the nursing home

Drug Card Essay Example for Free

Drug Card Essay Vicodin - Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain - Safe Range: Peds: lt;40kg 0. 2mg/kg-15mg/kg/dose q3-4h PRN. Maximum dose of acetaminophen 1000 mg/dose and 4000mg/day; Adult initially 10mg q3-4h PRN. - Action / Where does it do its job: Reduces intensity of pain stimuli incoming from sensory nerve endings, altering pain perception. Contraindications: None known. Previous hypersensitivity - Side Effects: Sedation, HOTN, diaphoresis, dizziness, facial flushing. Children lt;2 y. o. more susceptible to RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. - Strengths: (Vicodin) hydrocodone/acteminophen 5/500 mg ; Vicodin ES h/a 7. 5/750 mg; Vicodin HP h/a 10/650mg and 10/660mg ; - - Drug Name: Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen Trade Name:  Norco - Indication: Relief of moderate to severe pain - Safe Range: Peds: lt;40kg 0. 2mg/kg-15mg/kg/dose q3-4h PRN. Maximum dose of acetaminophen 1000 mg/dose and 4000mg/day; Adult initially 10mg q3-4h PRN. - Action / Where does it do its job: Reduces intensity of pain stimuli incoming from sensory nerve endings, altering pain perception. Contraindications: None known ; Previous hypersensitivity - Side Effects: Sedation, HOTN, diaphoresis, dizziness, facial flushing. Children lt;2 y. o. more susceptible to RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION. - Strength: hydrocodone/acetaminophen 10mg/325 mg; 5mg//325mg, 7. 5mg/325mg - Drug Name: Acetaminophen/Codeine Trade Name: Tylenol with codeine - Indication: Mild to moderate pain, fever - Safe Range: 0. 5-1. 0mg/kg/dose q3-6h. [3-6 yo] Dose: 12 mg codeine PO q4-6h prn; [7-12 yo]Dose: 15-30 mg codeine PO q4-6h prn; [13-17 yo]Dose: 15-60 mg codeine PO q4-6h prn; Max: 60 mg/dose, 360 mg/day codeine; 1 g/4h and 4 g/day acetaminophen; Alt: 0. 5-1 mg/kg codeine PO q4-6h prn; - Action / Where does it do its job:  Ã‚  Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that may serve as mediators of pain and fever, primarily in the CNS. Contraindications: Previous hypersensitivity. Active alcoholism, hepatic disease, severe renal impairment, phenylketonuria, G6PD deficiency. - Side Effects: hypersensitivity reaction, hepatotoxicity, hepatic failure, renal failure. - Strength: Codeine with acetaminophen 30/300mg ; 60/300mg; Tylenol with codeine solution ( codeine 12mg/acet. 120mg/5ml)

Ancient Religions Essay -- essays research papers fc

Religions of the Ancient World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religions of the ancient world were in a state of constant flux. Karl Jaspers states that between the eighth and fourth centuries B.C.E, â€Å"great changes took place in all the civilized world† (qtd. in Basham 36), and the great thinkers of these times began thinking independently and individually. Moreover, â€Å"after these great thinkers the world was never the same again† (qtd. in Basham 36-37). These times were dubbed the â€Å"axial period† (qtd. in Basham 37). The axial religions that emerged during this period were profound and lasting. In fact, the religions discussed in this paper—Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity—are considered the most practiced religions to do this day. Although these religions have changed over time, their underlying structure remains intact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient Hebrew Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Hooker states that there are four main periods in the Hebrew Religion, they are: the Pre-Mosaic Stage (1950 - 1300 B.C.E.), the National Monolatry and Monotheism (1300-1000 B.C.E.), the Prophetic Revolution (800-600 B.C.E.), and the Post-Exile Revolution (538 B.C.E., and beyond) (Hooker n. pag.). Little is known about the Pre-Mosaic stage, but some scholars have formed four main conclusions drawn from the text of Genesis. The first conclusion states that the beginning of Hebrew religion was polytheistic, involving several gods. This conclusion is formed from the â€Å"plural form of the name of God, Elohim rather than El† (Hooker n. pag.). The second conclusions is that early â€Å"Hebrew religion was animistic...and as a result...had a number of practices that fall into the category of magic† (Hooker n. pag.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Monolatry period, the most significant event was the flight from Egypt. The great migration led by Moses unified the Hebrew people. They began to refer to themselves as â€Å"bene yisrael† or â€Å"children of Israelâ€Å". Also at this time, Moses instructed the Israelites to worship one God, Yahweh, and to follow his laws (Torah). The Israelites looked up to Yahweh as their God and chief ruler. Towards the end of this period the Kingdom of Israel was in a state of turmoil. They longed for a â€Å"unified state under a single monarch† (Hooker n. pag.) and they forged ahead with this notion in mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...ite their difficulties, these religions only strengthened throughout time. Works Cited Basham, A.L. The Origins and Developments of Classical Hinduism. Ed. Kenneth G. Zysk. Boston: Beacon, 1989. Brummett, Palmira, et all. Civilizations Past & Present. Ed. Priscilla McGeehon Longman, 2000.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Enlightenment: Origins and Meaning. Trans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maraldo, John C. New York: Weatherhill 1979. Finegan, Jack. The Archeology of World Religions. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1952. Hooker, Richard. The Hebrews. 1996: n. pag. Online. Internet. 10 Oct. 2000. Available http://www.edu:8080/~dee/HEBREWS/RELIGION.HTM. Kashyap, J. et al. The Path of the Buddha. Ed. Morgan, Kenneth W. New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1956. Scheck, Frank Reainer, Manfred Gà ¶rgens. Buddhism: An Historical Overview. Baron's: 1999. From Jesus to Christ: the First Christians. PBS and WGBH/FRONTLINE 1998: n. pag. Online. Internet. 2 Nov. 2000. Available http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/.

Samsung Electronics

Submitted by: Aneesa Amjad INTRODUCTION6 SAMSUNG VALUE AND CODE OF CONDUCT6 Business Principles7 ?We promote health and safety. 7 ?We are a socially responsible corporate citizen. 7 ?We comply with laws and ethical standards. 7 ?We maintain a clean organizational culture. 7 ?We respect customers, shareholders and employees. 7 ?We care about environment. 7 Samsung Values8 ?People8 ?Excellence8 ?Change8 ?Integrity8 ?Co-prosperity8 Samsung Philosophy9 NEW VISION9 HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT9 Vision and Mission10 HRD Philosophy10 JOB ANALYSIS11 RECRUITMENT11 Recruitment tools11 Newspapers:11 Online Recruitment (e-cruitment):11Educational Institutes:12 E-mails:12 4/5 Grade Recruitment12 Selection process12 Application Form12 Document Screening13 SSAT13 Interview13 Physical examination14 Join Samsung14 3 Grade Recruitment14 Person with career and doctorate possessors14 ?Samsung Shared Value program (SVP)15 ?Samsung Business Leader Program (SLP)15 ?Samsung Global Expert Program (SGP)15 SAMSUN G RESEARCH CENTER16 MANAGERIAL DEVEOPMENT AND TRAINING16 TRAINING AND DEVELOPING16 HRD PROGRAMS17 ?SVP New employee Orientation17 ?SVP Samsung summer festival17 ?SLP17 ?Samsung MBA Course17 ?SLP Executive development Course18 SLP Senior Executive development Course18 ?SGP18 ?SGP Regional Specialist course18 ?SGP Premier Course19 ?SGP Overseas Country Manger Development Course19 ?SGP Global Leader Course19 ?SGP Language Course19 EDUCATION IN 201020 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL20 EMPLOYEE BENEFITS21 ?Group insurance21 ?Physical exams21 ?Financial aid for medical costs21 ?Congratulatory/condolence pay21 ?Use of leisure facilities21 EMPLOYEE HEALTH22 Employee Health and Disease Management22 ?Health Research Center22 ?Mental Health22 ?Employee Health Management23 EMPLOYEE WORK-LIFE BENEFITS23 ?Work & Life Balance23 RETIREMENT BENIFITS23 Outplacement Program23 ?Major Reasons of Retirement24 COMPENSATION PLANS24 LABOR POLICIES25 ?Child Labor and Forced Labor25 ?Labor Union Policy and Labor Counci l25 INTERVIEW QUESTIONS26 Exhibits31 Staffing Manager33 Samsung Electronics America- Ridgefield Park, NJ (Greater New York City Area)33 Job Description33 Desired Skills & Experience34 INTRODUCTION From its beginning as a small export business in Taegu, Korea, Samsung has grown to become one of the world’s leading electronics companies, specializing in digital appliances and media, semi-conductors, memory, and system integration.Today Samsung’s innovative and top quality products are world recognized. It’s a global company with approximately 190,000 employees and is operating in 61 countries worldwide. SAMSUNG VALUE AND CODE OF CONDUCT Samsung Electronics is fully committed to complying with local laws and regulation as well as applying a strict global code of conduct to all employees. With an aim to become one of the most ethical companies in the world that is respected by its stakeholders, Samsung Electronics continue to train its employees and operate monitori ng systems while practicing fair corporate management.The code of conduct includes elimination of nationality or gender discrimination, transparent disclosure of business information, customer information protection and partner collaboration. All of Samsung Electronics employees will have to follow this code of conduct in their relationship with their colleagues and customers. Business Principles Samsung Electronics announced the Five Samsung Business Principles† in 2005, and it serve as the foundation for its global code of conduct in compliance with legal and ethical standards. (Exhibit 1) These five business principles are as follows: We promote health and safety. * We are a socially responsible corporate citizen. * We comply with laws and ethical standards. * We maintain a clean organizational culture. * We respect customers, shareholders and employees. * We care about environment. Samsung Values Samsung believes that the key to good business is to live by strong values. A t Samsung, code of conduct and these core values are at the heart of every decision they make. (Exhibit 1) * People At Samsung, a company is its people and they are dedicated to giving their people a lot of opportunities to reach their full potential. * ExcellenceEverything they do at Samsung is driven by a passion for excellence and a persistent commitment to develop the best products and services on the market. * Change In today’s world due to globalization, change is constant and innovation is very important for a company’s survival. And Samsung have done that for 70 years, they set their sights on the future, predicting market needs and demands so that they can achieve long term success. * Integrity The foundation of their business is that they operate in an ethical way. Everything they do is guided by a moral compass that ensures fairness and respect for all stakeholders. Co-prosperity A business cannot be successful if it does not create prosperity and opportunit y for others. Samsung is socially and environmentally responsible corporate citizen in every community where they operate around the globe. Samsung Philosophy At Samsung, they follow a simple business philosophy: to devote their talent and technology to creating superior products and services that contribute to a better global society. Everyday their people bring this philosophy to life. Their leaders search for the brightest talent from around the world, and give them the resources they need to be the best at what they do.The result is that all of their products have the power to improve lives. (Exhibit 1) NEW VISION â€Å"Inspire the world, create the future† This new vision shows that Samsung Electronics is committed to inspire the world by leveraging Samsung’s three key strengths: â€Å"New Technology†, â€Å"Innovative Products†, and â€Å"Creative solutions. † and to promote new value for Samsung’s core networks—Industry, Partne rs and Employees. (Exhibit 2) Samsung has planned to become one of the world’s top five brands by 2020. Samsung has also established three strategic approaches in its management, â€Å"Creativity, Partnership, and Talent.HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT To achieve long term goals, human resource department plays a very important role. Employees are its most important asset. Human resource department plays a crucial role in the company’s success. Samsung Electronics believes that human resources and technology development both have separate functions and both are important to overall quality management. For the success of Samsung electronics it is very important that all employees enjoy doing their jobs and gets along with each other in the company.Vision and Mission Samsung has its own Human Resources Development Center. The aim of Samsung Human Resources Development Center is to become the world’s best HRD center and to develop people with creativity, passion and a c hallenging spirit who will make Samsung the world’s leading company in the 21st century. Samsung HRD Center devotes itself to carry the management philosophy into practice, spread Samsung Values, play a centripetal part to bring the values and actions of Samsung people toward one direction, lead the creative innovation nd change in the global era, and support the global management as the leader of the globalization. HRD Philosophy Since its foundation, Samsung has focused on and respected people with â€Å"A company is its people†. Samsungs management philosophy and traditions have become the key driving force of materializing its continuous growth and making it one of the world’s best companies. Since its introduction to open recruitment system in 1957, Samsung has developed its people in earnest. For about 50 years, Samsung has continued its history and tradition of developing people.After Samsung HRD established HoAm-Kwan in 1982 and Chang Jo Kwan in 1991 to implement â€Å"Samsung with high potentials† as the birthplace of educating Samsung people, they have played an important role of maintaining, succeeding, and developing the culture of Samsung. JOB ANALYSIS When a new position is established, the Human Resources department prepares a job analysis clearly identifying the positions responsibilities and overall relationship to the company. (Exhibit 3) RECRUITMENT Samsung Research Center intends to recruit, hire and place applicants on the basis of the applicant’s relative knowledge, skills and abilities.The decision to employ an applicant will be based solely on the individual’s qualification for the particular position along with other requisite job skills. Recruitment tools Upon getting informed the HRM Department invites a wide pool of applicants through any or all of the following mediums. Newspapers: Vacancies are advertised on leading newspapers. Online Recruitment (e-cruitment): Application forms are availa ble online at Samsung website and interested candidates can fill and submit them online. Educational Institutes:The HRM Department conducts annual job fairs in various educational institutes in which presentations about job prospects and the company is given. E-mails: Interested candidates can email their CVs to HRM Department, which are then collected in a file and consulted whenever job opportunities arise. 4/5 Grade Recruitment This is the recruitment for the production/manufacture class. It proceeds with announcement when there are vacancies. The selection process is given below: Selection process Application Form Document Screening SSATInterview Physical Examination Join Samsung Application Form The employment application is candidate’s first chance to present his qualifications to the organization. As such, it is extremely critical for his/her continued participation in the examination process. Before beginning, one has to review thoroughly what the Job Announcement spe cifies as the requirements to qualify for the position. Candidate must meet these criteria to be considered for the position; ensure that, otherwise candidate will be wasting his/her effort in completing the application.Document Screening They screen the documents provided by applicants on the basis of job requirement. Those who do not fulfill job requirements are screened out during this step. Those who are passed through this step have to take Global Samsung aptitude test. SSAT Samsung aptitude test is designed to determine level of technical and/or analytical abilities associated with the particular position for which candidate had applied. Interview The List of Eligible Candidates is established after SSAT and then it is sent to the Department(s) that is hiring to fill a current vacancy.The Department Head is responsible for setting up selection interviews. Further the management of Samsung takes three types of interviews 1. First interview is taken by the HR manager which they name as â€Å"initial interview. 2. Manager of department, HR Manager and two V. P takes the second interview. 3. Structured sequential interview is taken by HR manager and C. E. O The Department Head will be looking for the candidate with the best qualifications for the particular position. Physical examinationThe candidates who are selected to fill the vacancy will undergo a medical examination, drug screen, background investigation, and a probationary period before attaining permanent employment status. Join Samsung After checking all physical exams, medically fit candidates are called to fill the vacancy. 3 Grade Recruitment This is the recruitment for Management/the Management support department, various Research and Development organizations. It is processed with dear Samsung job advertisement. The same selection process is being followed for 3 grade recruitment as well.Person with career and doctorate possessors When there is a vacancy in each department, the resume of appli cants are reviewed by the HR department and they make contact with the applicant on the individual basis. Application Form Individually contact with applicants Interview Physical Examination Join Samsung HRD STRATEGY To create innovation and challenge, Samsung HRD center develops human resources by the following three programs: SVP, SLP and SGP * Samsung Shared Value program (SVP) To achieve â€Å"Samsung toward one direction† by sharing Samsung values (Future Management) cultivate next generation leaders Samsung Business Leader Program (SLP) To become â€Å"world leading company† by developing leaders of the next generation (Trust Management) Share core values of Samsung * Samsung Global Expert Program (SGP) To achieve â€Å"Global Samsung† by developing global competencies (Globalized Management) Develop Global Competency SAMSUNG RESEARCH CENTER Samsung Research center is an innovative organization offering unlimited opportunity to those who struggle to develo p and grow to their fullest potential. They work together to bond individual achievement with company goals.The rewards for superior performance come personally as well as professionally. To create an environment where everybody feels a close relationship with the company, understands its policies and operation is one of the priorities of Samsung research center. MANAGERIAL DEVEOPMENT AND TRAINING Samsung electronics have in- house development center (human resource development center) and universities. They combine classroom learning (lectures and seminars) with other techniques such as assessment centers. TRAINING AND DEVELOPINGSamsung Electronics assesses individual work capabilities according to job function and offers a wide range of training opportunities to nurture all employees into experts in their respective fields. To provide all employees, including those based overseas, with access to comparable levels of training programs regardless of location, they have set up a glob al education portal and mobile education system led by the HR Development Center, and diverse programs are offered through training departments according to business division and work function.There are a lot of programs which Samsungs’ HR department follows to train and develop their employees and they are as follows: HRD PROGRAMS * SVP New employee Orientation This course is to develop Samsung people for the 21st century to have the basic quality for Samsung people and proper business creed. The 4 week course helps new recruits understand the history, tradition, key values, and management philosophy of Samsung, in addition to building teamwork, creativity, and a challenging spirit through various experimental learning. * SVP Samsung summer festivalThis festival is to enhance group identity and pride as Samsung people, CEOs of affiliates, new executives, global leaders in overseas offices and branches, representatives from various classes as well as new recruits participate in this course, which is held every June, and this course acts as a cultural and value group activity for all. * SLP It develops high potentials who will lead the future of Samsung and fosters them as the leaders of the next generation. * Samsung MBA Course This course is to expand the pool of potential leaders of the next generation of Samsung.Every year since 1995, Samsung has selected qualified Samsung people and allowed them to study in famous overseas or local business schools for two years to learn practical management knowledge and global management. * SLP Executive development Course This course is to develop the leaders of the next generation who have global competitiveness and all around management competency. Qualified general managers learn global business management competency, leadership development, and problem solving in the field via action learning through this five month course. SLP Senior Executive development Course This course is to encourage the management lea ders of the next generation who have strategic thinking abilities and management insight. Elite senior executives learn business modules to boost their global competitiveness and advance leadership development focusing on value, and perform various activities through action learning in this four month course. * SGP It is Samsungs global competency enhancement program that develops global business competency and foreign language skills. * SGP Regional Specialist courseThis course is to develop global experts with global sense as the spearheads of globalization in the 21st century. Since 1990, every year, qualified Samsung people have been dispatched to the world including North America, Europe, china, Japan, East Asia, West Asia, and Central and South America for 1 year to acquaint themselves with local business customs and cultures through various experiences for localization of Samsung people. * SGP Premier Course This course is to encourage global leaders who have excellent foreig n language ability and global business competency.For foreign language ability, Samsung people focus on learning how to communicate effectively and speak in foreign languages at the advanced level. For business competency, they focus on developing their global business skills through the best practices of management and learning how to accept different cultures. * SGP Overseas Country Manger Development Course This course is to develop global leaders and executives for overseas offices. Samsung people who will be and are already dispatched to overseas offices learn the practical management and management research for their overseas offices, leadership development and global mind. SGP Global Leader Course This course is to provide overseas executives and managers with a deeper understanding of Samsung values to enhance awareness of a shared value community. The course’s highlight is to participate in the Samsung Summer Festival at the end of the course. * SGP Language Course S amsung people who will be dispatched to overseas offices or they have to handle foreign related works learn ten weeks of English, Japanese, Chinese or Spanish to enhance the foreign language ability. EDUCATION IN 2010 Samsung Electronics continues to enhance employee competencies by utilizing online and offline education programs.Education enhances the effectiveness of employees by offering more online and mobile course. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Samsung Electronics evaluates performance of all its employees against a consistent goal. Required capabilities by position are identified, based on which capability performance is conducted. The jobs are evaluated on yearly basis under 360o method; the competent employees are rewarded in shape of promotions, bonus, increments and annual holidays and promotion. The results of an appraisal can be used to identify areas for further development of the employee.The organization also uses different questionnaires, which consist of numerous questions about the behavior of the employee, and then on the basis of these answers personality of the employee is judged. When evaluation is made the unsatisfactory performers are given warning. The employee after warning is put under observation, for some period of time and if the employees’ performance is still unsatisfied then are demoted or fired. Samsung SDI has institutional means up and running to guide fair and understandable evaluation and for the evaluated to defend themselves.If the evaluated submits an application to file a protest within five days after disclosure of evaluation results, HR committee is convened with the evaluator and the evaluated present and adjusts the results, if necessary. INCENTIVE PLANS Individual performance determines individual capability reward and group performance determines Productivity Incentive (PI) and Profit Sharing (PS). EMPLOYEE BENEFITS They offer benefits to their employees required by law as well as internal benefit programs to enh ance quality of life for employees.Both regular employees and those working on contract basis can take advantage of numerous benefits which include: (Exhibit) * Group insurance * Physical exams * Financial aid for medical costs * Congratulatory/condolence pay * Use of leisure facilities In 2010, they increased the physical exam components to promote the health of employees. Other benefits offered to employees are as follows: EMPLOYEE HEALTH Samsung Electronics makes every effort to create a safe and pleasant work environment. All of their production plants have obtained OHSAS18001 certification for occupational health and safety management system.Senior executives of the company have special interest in recent concerns on workers’ cancer risk. From July 2010, they have commissioned a leading international environment and health consultancy to conduct an epidemiologic survey to ensure objectivity and transparency in the survey findings. This objective investigation is expected to cover every possible cause and clear up suspicions completely. Employee Health and Disease Management * Health Research Center They have opened the health research center in April 2010.The Samsung Electronics Health Research Center was established under the Semiconductor Business to carry out mid- and long-term research projects related to employees’ health and wellbeing. The center is manned by researchers in health sciences, medicine, chemical engineering, pharmacology and nursing. It is conducting research into matters such as hazardous chemical substances, work environment and epidemiology, and new substance manufacturing processes. * Mental Health They have expanded psychological evaluations in the regular physical exam from 2011 to help employee’s better cope with emotional strain and stress.The evaluations will check whether employees suffer from any conditions caused by stress related to problems with work or their personal lives. If necessary, employees wi ll be able to receive professional counseling based on online and offline diagnoses. These measures help employees lead healthy and productive lives. * Employee Health Management As part of efforts to promote employees' health and maintain a pleasant work environment, they offer customized health management programs including programs for weight loss, smoking cessation and emotional health.They also operate a center for the prevention of musculoskeletal diseases which allows employees to check their spinal health. (Exhibit ) EMPLOYEE WORK-LIFE BENEFITS * Work ; Life Balance Work hours are continuously monitored at Samsung Electronics to promote work-life balance. In particular, they have introduced a flexible time program for administrative staff so they can set their own work hours to enhance quality of work life. Work hours at the global production subsidiaries are adequately managed according to local employment standards nd the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC) gu idelines. RETIREMENT BENIFITS * Outplacement Program Up through 2010, they have provided assistance for 2,216 retiring employees find new jobs or start a business through the career development centers. In 2010, they signed an agreement with the Korea Federation of Small and Medium Business to help seasoned specialists find new jobs at small and mid-size enterprises. In 2011, they offered career planning courses for incumbent employees. (Exhibit) * Major Reasons of RetirementKorea Overseas 1. Study 1. Change of Occupation 2. Change of Occupation 2. Family Reason 3. Health Problem 3. Study 4. Domestic Affairs 4. Health problem 5. Contract Expiration 5. Dissatisfied with Type of Work COMPENSATION PLANSIn 2010, Samsung Electronics made upward adjustments in the salaries of all employees and applied a system of accumulated annual salary for individual workers to differentiate compensation according to performance. Samsung’s compensation scheme is based on ‘compensation wi thout discrimination and compensation for performance’ to ensure internal impartiality and external competitiveness. Those on the same position are given same amount of base salary disregarding gender, nationality, religion, social status, and age. On top of it, differentiated compensation is made according to individual performance.LABOR POLICIES * Child Labor and Forced Labor Discrimination, forced labor and child labor are prohibited in accordance with articles 4, 6 and 16 of the company’s rules of employment. In addition, they strictly abide by the 24 ILO conventions ratified by the Korean government. In 2010, there were no violations of laws and regulations related to child labor and forced labor. * Labor Union Policy and Labor Council Samsung’s basic HR policy is summarized in the following statement: â€Å"The workers and the company will cooperate for mutual advancement based on the principles of co-existence, co-prosperity and harmony. Samsung Electron ics strives to provide superior working conditions relative to its peers so that employees do not feel the need for a labor union. All of their business sites across the globe have a labor council to facilitate dialogue between labor and management. Other major communication channels include the GWP committee and safety council. Each of their business sites in Korea has a worker council. Each worker council holds at least one regular meeting per quarter. The council also gathers when the need arises to discuss matters such as salary adjustments.It enables grievances and requests to be swiftly conveyed to management so that the necessary corrective measures can be pursued. Due consideration was given to employees’ requests to improve the work environment. In 2010, the worker council addressed several issues through expanding the flexible time program, establishing infrastructure for stress relief, and improving office environment. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ———â €”————————————- What are Samsung values and code of conduct? ————————————————- _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What tools do you use to recruit job candidates?Like do you use advertising, employment agencies, college recruiting or some other method? _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do you prefer outside candidates or inside candidates? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What types of test do you use to measur e a wide range of candidate attributes? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do you check applicant’s background before selecting him? ————————————————- __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the selection process of Samsung? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What type of interviews is done at Samsung? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is the HRD strategy of Samsung? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ ————————————————- What is the function of Samsung Research Center? ————————————————- ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are HRD programs implemented for training and developing employees? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ What education programs are being offered at Samsung? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What types of benefits are being offered to employees at Samsung? 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Lan Operating Systems Scenarios

Read the three scenarios below, then answer the questions that follow each scenario. 1. You are the network administrator for a new company that has 10 users and plans to add five more users within a year. The files need to be accessed by all 10 users and each user must have different security rights. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component. For this situation, I would first recommend a server, which an administrator can assign different security rights. Second, I would recommend a star topology network with a central switch. A star topology is the easiest topology to manage and add other devices. The switch is the best central device to use to segment traffic and alleviate collisions that would occur from a hub. The components such as the nodes would connect to the switch, which would allow communication with the other nodes or devices. In addition, Ethernet cables would be needed to connect to the back of the PC or NIC card. 2. You are the network administrator for a company that has a peer-to-peer network. How would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define all of the components of this type of network. In a peer-to-peer network, all of the devices connected to the network share each other’s resources. This is common in a LAN network that does not have a server. 3. You are the administrator of a client-server environment. What kind of network would you install and how would the pieces and components of this network relate to each other? Define each component of a typical client-server environment. In this scenario, I would again recommend a star topology due to its manageability and scalability. In this model, one would need computers, server, cables, and operating systems. The nodes would go through the switch or router and then that device would get those resources from the serever..

Top 10 Excuses You use to Put Off Writing That Paper - EssaySupply.com

Top 10 Excuses You use to Put Off Writing That Paper Top 10 Excuses You use to Put Off Writing That Paper One of the most difficult parts of writing a paper is getting started. There's something about taking that first step and sitting down to research and right that is so challenging to students. It is for this reason that you and other students often come up with excuses to put off the writing you should be doing right now. In fact, we've discovered that some excuses are really popular among students. Check out our top ten list of excuses that students like you use to put off writing that paper. Then, read our suggestions for getting past each excuse so that you can begin writing.         1. The Dorm Room is too Hectic Right Now First, take a minute to consider what you can do to make your place less hectic. Can you ask visitors to come back later? Can you turn down the volume on the tv? Can you close your bedroom door? If these steps don't solve your problem, there are plenty of quiet places to write on campus.          2. I am too Stressed Out From my Busy Day to Think Straight This is a valid reason to give yourself a thirty minute break. Take that time to watch an episode   of a television show, to check your Facebook, or to take a nice hot shower. Then, start writing.  There's no need to waste an entire evening without being at least a little productive.          3. I May not be Writing But I am Thinking About the Assignment If you do this, you are probably coming up with some very good ideas. Unfortunately, if you aren't writing them down, you won't recall most of these ideas later on. At the very least, you should be typing your thoughts into Evernote.          4. I Do My Best Work During the Day/Night Everybody has times when they are more productive than others. If you are truly better off with research paper writing during another time of day, that is fine. This is when you should be working on the more intense portions of your paper. However, you can still do a bit of note taking or light editing right now.          5. There are New Episodes of Orange is the New Black on Netflix This is totally understandable. Go ahead and watch one episode, but then write for at least thirty  minutes before watching another.          6. I Haven't Gone Out With Friends in Over a Week Unfortunately, you may have to make it another day without your friends. If you really want to  see your friends, invite them over for a homework session.                        7. I'll Do it Right After I Clean my Room This is fine if your room is truly so messy that it is distracting. Just make sure that you aren't rearranging your CD collection two hours later instead of writing your paper.          8. I Need to Get Some Sleep. I Will Start in the Morning If you are truly sleep deprived, you are making a good decision. If your version of sleep is  scrolling through Tumblr while laying in bed,   you can probably at least get out a paragraph or    two.          9. I Cannot Think of a Topic Good news! There is a solution to this. It involves sitting down and brainstorming topic ideas. If  you are truly stuck, try hitting the internet for some inspiration.         10. I Just Don't Understand the Subject Focus on what you do know. If you aren't able to get any writing done, you can try spending  some time writing out some questions for your instructor. This way you can get a bit of clarification.

JOE MAMA essays

JOE MAMA essays Imagine looking out the window in the morning and only being able to see a few blocks. It is not snow that you see neither is it heavy rain. It appears to be fog, but not regular fog, it is a harmful, acidic and ugly fog that is a result of very bad air pollution. This is true on some days in Mexico City. Mexico City is one of the most polluted cities in the world and the mountains that surround the city hold the thick and ugly fog in. Acid rain has been known to fall in this city and many others around the world. Acid rain is one the biggest problems our environment deals with today. What is acid rain? Where does it come from and how does it form? What are the effects of it on our environment and us? In this report I will teach you all you need to know about acid rain and what we can do about it. What is Acid Rain? Acid rain is defined as rain that has more acid in it than the normal amount. Acidity is measured on the pH scale that runs from 0 to 14. Anything from zero to seven is considered acidic, seven is neutral and anything from 7 to 14 is basic. Something that has a pH of 6 is ten times more acidic that something with a pH of 7. There is a lot of controversy over what the pH of rain must be to be considered acidic. Anything equal to or lower than 5.6 on the pH scale has been said to be acidic but that number is subject to change depending on who you talk to or where you live. Acid rain in found in places around the world. The sad thing is that the cities that create all the pollution don't suffer from it, it's the areas around the source of the pollution. Some of the main countries affected severely by acid rain include Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, Mexico, US, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. Switzerland is one of those ...

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan

Before Obamacare, the National Health Insurance Plan Introduction In 2009, President Barack Obama unveiled his proposal for a plan intended to reduce the soaring costs of healthcare by providing all Americans with health insurance. The plan, titled Healthcare America at the time, would eventually be passed by Congress as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The following article, published in 2009, outlines President Obama’s original vision for what we now know as â€Å"Obamacare.† Key Takeaways: Original Obamacare What became â€Å"Obamacare† was called Healthcare America when first proposed by President Barack Obama in January 2009.The plan was intended to lower the nation’s healthcare costs by providing all Americans with health insurance.Under Healthcare America, all U.S. residents not covered by Medicare or an employer-provided plan would be allowed to buy insurance at lower rates through a government-run Health Care for America program.All U.S. employers would be required to provide their employees with insurance coverage or pay an additional tax to help pay for Healthcare America.Maximum monthly health insurance premiums paid under Health Care for America were to range from $70 for an individual to $140 for a couple.Healthcare America was greatly modified and eventually enacted as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23, 2010 Obamacare as Envisioned in 2009 A national health insurance plan, administered by the federal government as an alternative to private health insurance, will probably be proposed this year by President Obama. Despite the massive cost of a universal health insurance plan, estimated at up to $2 trillion over 10 years, support for the plan is growing in Congress. Obama, and Democratic congressional leaders argue that by reducing health care costs, a universal health insurance plan would actually help reduce the national deficit. Opponents argue that the savings, though real, would have only a minor impact on the deficit. While the politics and pros and cons of nationalized health care have been debated for years, the national health insurance element of President Obama’s overall health care reform agenda appears to have a good chance of happening. So far, the framework of Obama’s national health insurance plan is best described in Jacob Hacker’s â€Å"Health Care for America† plan. The Goal: Health Insurance for Everyone As described by Jacob Hacker of the Economic Policy Institute, the national health insurance plan – â€Å"Health Care for America† – attempts to provide affordable health insurance to all non-elderly Americans through a combination of a new Medicare-like program provided by the government and existing employer-provided health plans. Under Health Care for America, every legal resident of the U.S. who is not covered by either Medicare or an employer-provided plan could purchase coverage through Health Care for America. As it currently does for Medicare, the federal government would bargain for lower prices and upgraded care for every Health Care for America enrollee. All Health Care for America enrollees could choose coverage under the affordable Medicare-like plan offering them free choice of medical providers or a selection of more expensive, comprehensive private health insurance plans. To help pay for the plan, all U.S. employers would be expected to either provide health coverage for their employees equal in quality to Health Care for America or pay a modest payroll-based tax to support Health Care for America and help their employees buy their own coverage. The process would be similar to how employers currently pay an unemployment tax to help fund state unemployment compensation programs. Self-employed persons could buy coverage under Health Care for America by paying the same payroll-based tax as employers. Persons not in the workplace could buy coverage by paying premiums based on their annual income. In addition, the federal government would offer the states incentives to enroll any remaining uninsured individuals in Health Care for America. Non-elderly beneficiaries of Medicare and S-CHIP (the State Childrens Health Insurance Program) would be automatically enrolled in the Health Care for America Plan, either through their employers or individually. In summary, supporters of the Health Care for America plan say it would provide the U.S. with universal health care coverage by: being available to any legal U.S. resident without good workplace coverage;requiring that employers (and the self-employed) either purchase coverage comparable to Health Care for America for all their workers or pay a relatively modest payroll contribution (6% of payroll) to fund Health Care for America coverage for all their employees; andrequiring that Americans who remain without insurance either purchase private coverage or buy into the Health Care for America Plan. For persons already covered by employer-provided health insurance, Health Care for America would virtually eliminate the suddenly very real threat of losing coverage because of layoffs. What Would the Plan Cover? According to its supporters, Health Care for America will provide comprehensive coverage. Along with all current Medicare benefits, the plan will cover mental health and maternal and child health. Unlike Medicare, Health Care for America will place limits on total annual out-of-pocket costs paid by enrollees. Drug coverage would be provided directly by Health Care for America, rather than by private health plans. Medicare would be modified to allow it to provide the elderly and disabled with the same direct drug coverage. In addition, preventive and well-child checkups would be provided to all beneficiaries at no out-of-pocket cost. How Much Will Coverage Cost? As proposed, the maximum monthly Health Care for America premium would be $70 for an individual, $140 for a couple, $130 for a single-parent family, and $200 for all other families. For those enrolled in the plan at their place of work, anyone whose income was below 200% of the poverty level (about $10,000 for an individual and $20,000 for a family of four ) would pay no additional premiums. The plan would also offer extensive, but so far unspecified, assistance to enrollees to help them afford coverage. Health Care for America coverage would be continuous and guaranteed. Once enrolled, individuals or families would remain covered unless they become covered by a qualified private insurance plan through their employer.

Trade theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trade theories - Assignment Example The goods that are primarily exported by Syria are petroleum products, crude oil, minerals, wheat cotton fibre, clothing, fruits, vegetables, meat and live animals. The imports of Syria consists of transport equipments, livestock and food, paper, chemicals, machinery, electric power machinery, metal and metal products, chemical products and yarn. The import partners of Syria are China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE, Russia, Lebanon and Italy (Younes 11-13). The trading partners and their concerned good and services gives a picture of Syria’s trade conditions and trade relations with its partners. Syria has enhanced trade relations with Iraq by reopening pipelines for the export of oil. Syria also benefitted from economic policies implemented by China. Syria maintains a trading relation with India by importing wheat from it. Syria’s geographical closeness with Europe has been quite beneficial. The country was able to serve the huge customer base of Europe (Russett 360-379). Syria’s trade history reveals that the country always had import figures that were almost double the export figures. But both the import and export had similar growth trends. The imports and exports increased at a slow pace over time. This led to worsening of the balance of trade position of Syria. This trade patterns were seen before the 1970s. But after the 1970s, trade patterns started improving. There was a rapid expansion in the import and export figures since 1970s. In the 1980s, the trade imbalance widened further. Syria also started taking various measures concerning the budget and foreign exchange reserve. Syria started taking advantage of the higher revenues from oil in the 1990s. Finally in the beginning of 2011, Syria recorded a surplus in balance of trade (â€Å"Syria Balance of Trade†). The figure below gives some idea of the movements in balance of trade over the time and also shows Syria’s favorable trade conditions that was prevailing at the ons et of 2011. The

Change in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Change in Education - Essay Example Many factors have contributed to this. Instances of the factors that have contributed to change include globalization, women empowerment, technological advancements, ecological change, and rate of reported suicide going up and over dependency on our parents for economical support. This means that education has to change. In addition to that if education is to change, then change has to be administered in our schools. Different from the manner in which things used to operate long ago, the needs of every one keep changing. This is starting with the parents, to their children who are the students then lastly, to the staff. The changes occurring in the environment have to be addressed (Congregation for Catholic Education, 1997). As the needs keep changing, then it is evident that change must also be installed. This means that schools have to change the environment that surrounds them whether internally or externally to meet the needs of the end user. If schools review their structure to meet the needs of individuals involved, then it means that they are meeting the needs of the 21st century people and moreover, a wider society. If our schools are to install change successfully, then they must look at the things that are needed to bring about the change. If it is changing the curricula system, the way in which the teachers address their students, what kind of relationship they have, installing change in to students and assisting them to cope with the changes. The administration must first understand what type of change they want to install and why they want to install it. In doing this, there will be a smooth running in the change transaction. They will be able to administer the change effectively since they... This paper approveas that the real reason as to why we succeed in installing change is by installing habitual patterns and behaviors. These patterns, that we install consists of assumptions. These assumptions guide us on how we should handle things. In addition to that as a means of curbing change, there are institutions set up for this. However, as time goes by, we find ourselves in the same process all over again and change becomes an integral part of our lives. If we possess intentions at heart to become effective leaders, then we have to find a suitable way of controlling and installing change. This is especially in our schools now that the education system proves that it needs revision every now and then. If the institution has to meet the set goals, then there has to be constant review of the environments surrounding it whether internally or externally. Since we can never evade change, it means that good leadership has to be integrated to assist individuals in managing change. This paper makes a conclusion that the leaders should have a support structure based on support from each other and a mutual solidarity. Although the solidarity that exists at times will be viewed as the obstacle, it is essential that solidarity exist. In addition, it has been mentioned that people are nothing without their friends. These leaders need the emotional support from their family members and their friends. Moreover, the leaders must also have professional support. In this case, professional support means that the leader has counselors and social workers who will assist him in making sound decisions that seem too difficult for him. If a leader has support from these three groups, then it is with no doubt that a strong structure bond will be formed.

Should Students Have to Wear Uniforms Research Paper

Should Students Have to Wear Uniforms - Research Paper Example School uniforms convey the message that a school is a place for learning. Many schools in the United States and in other parts of the world are at odds over school uniforms. In many cases, it has been reported that students feel that their right of self-expression has been taken away with the rule of mandatory school uniforms. Although students feel that their right of self-expression is taken away from them, there are several benefits of school uniforms. I believe that the advantages of school uniforms outweigh the disadvantages. One of the many advantages of school uniforms is that they minimize the stress for students and their families. For example, parents and students do not have to worry about buying new clothes frequently for schools (Walsh pp. 38). Students are very sensitive about their image and self-esteem when they are in schools. For example, if one of the students starts wearing branded clothes, his or her peers would feel inferior and their self-esteem would decrease (Brunsma pp. 50). The supportive arguments regarding school uniforms also claim that students feel equal when they wear school uniforms. I would support this argument with further explanation. The standard of living is different among different families. There are some families, which are in a better financial position than others. A school is a place where students from different economic and cultural background come and learn. By wearing school uniforms, students do not get feel inferior to others. However, if students are allowed to choose their dresses for schools, they would be influenced by students from different cultures and different economic background. This would result in an increase in problems for parents and teachers. The rule of mandatory school uniforms would make all students look equal regardless of their financial position and cultural background.  

Multiculturalism issues and economic-based solutions Essay

Multiculturalism issues and economic-based solutions - Essay Example It was expected that the global economic extension will bring stability and development in the local markets. But the result is entirely reverse and critics are viewing the globalization as another form of colonial imperialism. Political instability due to corrupt leaders, lack of proper infrastructure favorable to rich countries causes brain drain from less privileged countries. Immigration is the leading issue in rich countries who are reviewing their existing laws to make it difficult for inter-state migration. Also for those who have already migrated to one of the countries with better prospects, the hosts will have to initiate programs to adjust such individuals without disturbing the existing coherence in the society. Immigration is causing another issue of individual and organized racism against settlers. Educational, economical, social, and political racism has plagued the idea of equality in different communities across the globe. Goldring argues that civil forces and campai gns can bring a positive change through community rebuilding based upon justice, equality, freedom, tolerance, mutual respect, and basic human rights that guarantees one’s participation in the process of decision–making in social, economic and political life.

How race and ethnicy can impact when evaluating an individual Essay

How race and ethnicy can impact when evaluating an individual - Essay Example rican American, the experiences such people go through in their daily endeavors and how such experiences shape their behaviors, beliefs, and values before attempting to offer a corrective or curative measure whatever problem he is facing. The above process helps reduce cases by which a clinician’s personal biases may influence the client’s diagnosis. For instance, if the clinician dealing with Marvin’s was a woman and had ever gone through the experiences faced by Marvin’s wife with a Black American Husband, this would wrongly influence the clinician’s diagnosis of Marvin’s case if she does not adequately consider Marvin’s developmental history that includes the experiences at work that shaped some of his bad behaviors and pessimistic attitude. Clinicians face culturally diverse clients in their professional endeavors. All these clients have a right to accurate diagnosis and treatment plans. In order to achieve this, as a professional clinician, I will work hard to develop culturally competent skills, attitude, and knowledge that will help me correctly interpret the client’s cultural identity. However, I will also seek help from a cultural consultant to reduce chances of biases and misdiagnosis. Secondly, I will make a critical evaluation of my personal cultural identity, attitudes, and beliefs concerning ethnic minorities because it is a factor that will largely affect my relationship with my clients. Finally, I will always explore new strategies of getting information from clients because the traditional methods of interviewing clients may lack effectiveness and psychological tests may not be appropriate or adequate for some cases. Part of my new strategies may be to use an interpreter for a specific case that one is required; I may conduct family interviews; and make some modifications on the psychological tests to fit different

Multiculturalism issues and economic-based solutions Essay

Multiculturalism issues and economic-based solutions - Essay Example It was expected that the global economic extension will bring stability and development in the local markets. But the result is entirely reverse and critics are viewing the globalization as another form of colonial imperialism. Political instability due to corrupt leaders, lack of proper infrastructure favorable to rich countries causes brain drain from less privileged countries. Immigration is the leading issue in rich countries who are reviewing their existing laws to make it difficult for inter-state migration. Also for those who have already migrated to one of the countries with better prospects, the hosts will have to initiate programs to adjust such individuals without disturbing the existing coherence in the society. Immigration is causing another issue of individual and organized racism against settlers. Educational, economical, social, and political racism has plagued the idea of equality in different communities across the globe. Goldring argues that civil forces and campai gns can bring a positive change through community rebuilding based upon justice, equality, freedom, tolerance, mutual respect, and basic human rights that guarantees one’s participation in the process of decision–making in social, economic and political life.

MGMT 4440 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGMT 4440 - Essay Example Performance management provides much value to the organization. It helps ensure the goals are met on a timely basis, that people are cooperative with one another and management, and also ensures higher quality outputs. Once performance standards have been established, it can strengthen relationships with managers and employees through results-based rewards if they meet these standards. Basically, for the organization, it ensures that long-term strategic goals are met and the systems are in place that help everyone reach that outcome. For the individual, performance management can give them more perceptions of authority and autonomy in the business. By using systems such as the 360 degree feedback system or the regular annual appraisal, it shows the business values them as a critical resource in the company. It can also strengthen their personal development and training that might lead to promotions or better job opportunities with less management presence if they contribute properly. It can also enhance their problem-solving and communication skills (Tarricone & Luca, 55). Question 2 The term business is behavior means that â€Å"a business succeeds or fails through the performance of all of its employee’s efforts and successes† (authorstream.com, 2). ... Attitude at the employee level is everything in order to gain positive growth in competitive advantage. The unbreakable behavior law are those behaviors that do not change over time that are long-standing values associated with cultural beliefs or strong personal psychological and personality factors. These are part of the person’s overall value system and do not change without major investment from management. Behavior is considered key to quality because so much of the organization relies on human attitude, loyalty, motivation and commitment. For example, an employee who is unhappy with their job role might lead to higher turnover at the company that can cost budget and labor in human resources to find their replacement or correct worker errors. Employees need to be team-focused and responsible and, without these attitudes and behaviors, the company’s reputation could be affected at the customer level. Question 3 Pinpointing is having an exact understanding of the beh aviors or attitudes that the business wishes to change through performance management processes and systems. It is â€Å"knowing in precise detail the behaviors that you want influenced† and how to go about it (quogroup.com, 2). For example, if a company’s long-term goals are to improve training and development, pinpointing is identifying which specific areas need improvement and then establishing systems to make sure this becomes a reality. It is a targeted process that is specific and streamlined to assist managers in development programs. Pinpointing is relevant for performance management because PM is so goal-oriented and related to strategic mission and vision. For example, if the company’s goal is to completely change the information

Sociology comparing material to book Essay Example for Free

Sociology comparing material to book Essay The Youth, the combustible younger generation as we call it, is the backbone of any society or country. Dynamic and motivated youth is the asset of the country. Dejected and frustrated youth is the liability. This section of the society if remains dissatisfied, leads to several social evils and problems. In this book, Jay MacLeod provides details about the Clarendon Heights, a low-income American Housing Project. But the problems are not exclusive of the Clarendon Heights. What is mentioned in the project is the mirror of the prevailing state of affairs and shows how the youth struggle against poverty, issues related to defeatism and racial discrimination. MacLeod’s elucidation of the problem is open and straight. He explains how the same old discrimination between the whites and the blacks attains new dimensions in the present era. In his writing, he highlights about two study groups. One is the black minority group called The Brothers and the second group is of white youths called the Hallway Hangers. MacLeod’s question is, and it is the question of all the right-thinking g people, as to why the group of the blacks is discriminated against on all counts. The notions of equality etc. repeated from several platforms are hypocritical in nature. They are far away from truth and the ground realities, according to Macleod. Perceptible discrimination exists between the two groups. MacLeod’s question is, having been bestowed with the same educational and living conditions, why the aspirations of then two groups are different. The American system and law doesn’t discriminate against any citizen black or white. Where lays the difficulty then to achieve the identical goals for the two groups! He identifies the nature of social structure that causes the problem. MacLeod next examines whether inequality can be remedied by education. Education does some damage control exercise but it too cannot provide the final solution. The problems engulf more than one area social, economic, cultural, race etc. The prevailing conditions amongst the youth relate to the admixture of all these aspects. MacLeod is the research scholar and therefore his approach is methodical and well-studied. He has interviewed many youth and youth groups of both the races and the discussions involve many problematic subjects of the materialistic civilization, like sex, drugs, parents, poverty, parents, crime etc. The perseverance of the author is noticeable as he revisits the same youths, putting them questions as for their aspirations, attainments within this period and the experiences. The book, therefore, is a story related to reality. The continuing conflicts between the cultures and sub-cultures, their impact on social disposition of various sections have been explained thoroughly in the book. Adolescent struggles are no ordinary struggles. They build or break the personality and life of an individual. Macleod has tried to give an honest analysis of all these interesting trends taking shape in the America mainly in the youth section and the society as a whole consequently. They say, â€Å"It is better to deserve without receiving, than to receive without deserving†, but the modern youth is not always ready to digest the philosophy of doing one’s duty and waiting indefinitely for the results. They compare the prospectus and progress of each other. Human tendencies like envy and heart-burning play the dominant role. The root cause of the social conflicts is the dissatisfaction in the individual minds. The suppressed thought processes give rise to violent action processes, and are an impediment to healthy progress of the society. Every class has some permanent assets and liabilities associated with its class structure. Take for example the important concepts of Bourdie’s social reproduction theory. Working class children tend to follow and end up with working class jobs. But with the changing times, and extensive career counseling available, individual choices do play a predominant role. It is not surprising now to see a cab driver’s son owning a flourishing transport business, and the offspring of an unskilled mechanic turning out to be a brilliant mechanical engineer. The views on class structure of other theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx, are also part of the truth, but not the absolute truth. They hold good for a particular stage of the class struggle, and once the desired stage of economic prosperity is reached, they suffer from contradictions and demand change. Coming to the linguistic approach exposed by Basil Berstein and Shirley Brice, the restricted linguistic codes used by the working class children put them in a disadvantageous position since their counterpart use specialized codes which are the ones normally used in the academic setting in the schools. The working class families possess a strong desire that their children should be better off as compared to their status. Most of them are explicitly interested in improving the lot of their children for which the first step is to provide them with proper level of education Basic conditions need to be created by the Government, for the people to become basically sound and industrious. Opportunities provided by industrial evolution, materialistic civilization and internet revolution make children of working class families turn out to brilliant scholars and establish industrial empires. What is required of the education system is, it must have the intrinsic capacity to change the thought process of an individual. Only when the thought process is changed, the action process will also change. Society changes for the better when the overall action process changes. This is what is called self-actualization with intrinsic motivation. Philosophically speaking, you are the creator of your destiny, not the victim. Even speaking scientifically, every action has the reaction and the intensity of the reaction is in proportion to the intensity of the action. Which means, the well-meaning efforts are bound to fructify and will make individual prosperity an attainable reality though one’s well-directed efforts. Which is the authentic and real American Society? Is it, as described by Jay Macleod, â€Å"Horatio Alger’s accounts of the spectacular mobility achieved by men of humble origins through their own unremitting efforts occupy a treasured place in our national folklore? The American dream is held out as a genuine prospect for anyone with the drive to achieve it. † (Macleod, 1995,p, 3) or as told to us about Freddie, â€Å"I ain’t goin’ to college. Who wants to go to college? I’d just end up getting’ a shitty job anyway. †Ã¢â‚¬â€this statement pronounced with certitude and feeling, completely contradicts our achievement ideology. †(Macleod, 1995,p, 3) These two statements provide the true picture of the American society today and the state of mind of the younger generation. When the torch is passed on from one generation to the next generation, it depends what the new generation does with what their forefathers and parents left and from where they left. In the absence of the take-off ground and facilities, they go round and round, unable to achieve any progress. MacLeod links individual lives with social theory to forge a powerful argument about how inequality is created, sustained, and accepted in the United States. The book provides the perspective of the achievement ideology and explains how it is not possible for everyone to climb the ladder of social mobility. The author is an honest critic of the prevailing conditions in the U. S. society. His discussions are engaging and you rightly guess that it is the power of the pen of the professional. Some critics say that the book is the socialist junk. What Macleod does is to point out where America’s much acclaimed capitalist model has failed or needs modifications. It is, therefore, not correct to label him as a socialist. His views about racism and socioeconomic discrimination are strong and without reservations. Given the ground realities in US, it is wise to accept his views than to offer unsubstantiated criticism. Macleod cleverly explains both the groups studied by him failed to get out of poverty due to reasons other than racial discrimination. Poor aspirations and lack of determination contributed to their stationary position in the social ladder of prosperity. He also explains how societal structures limit and restrict the actions of the individuals and curb the upward mobility. Unlike thinkers like Gramsci, MacLeod doesn’t’ believe that Communist Revolution can ever ambush America, and he thinks that the remedy of communist philosophy is worst than the capitalistic disease. Speaking about individual cases, Macleod points out that all the subjects interviewed by him, had regrets about their non-performance when they should have worked hard. Shirking responsibility and buttering people can never bring permanent success for one in life. Many had regrets that they did not work hard at schools and thus wasted their opportunities. The contents of the book provide insight in to the lives of the teenagers in U. S. , both whites and blacks. Laziness could be one of the reasons for poverty, but according to the author there are other barriers that cry a halt to the progress and make the people remain poor. Segregation may be legally dead in USA, but in reality the tremors of segregation are still felt in many walks of life of the black people. It revels at the mind-level. It is easy for the people from the Upper Class to sit on the ivory tower and dub the poor as lazy and good-for-nothing. Macleod’s sense of metaphor makes the examples provided by him appealing and they add to the strength of his arguments. References Cited: Macleod, Jay: Book: Aint no Makin It. Expanded Edition: Paperback: 336 pages Publisher: Westview Press (July 11, 1995) Language: English ISBN-10: 0813315158 ISBN-13: 978-0813315157

How hooliganism in football has changed

How hooliganism in football has changed This report will look at Football hooliganism and how it has changed through the years. It will look at the early years of hooliganism and compare the hooliganism to todays hooligan firms. It will identify the way in which the hooligan has changed through the years from being easily identified, to the casual years in which the hooligan was more accustomed to the casual lifestyle of designer clothes along with the violence. It will also discuss the medias portrayal of a football hooligan and look at how football matches are policed with the use of CCTV to combat violence at football and how this has changed football hooliganism. A hooligan is said to be a young violent, destructive or badly-behaved person. Hooliganism is said to be unruly aggressive behaviour that is associated with hooligans. Dunning et al, (1998) suggests that behaviour such as this is widely associated with sports fans; however hooliganism is strongly linked with supporteres of football teams. Hooliganism has been linked with violence in sports. The link was made in particular to the late 1960s in the UK with football hooliganism. Football hooliganism is behaviour that can result in incidents such as brawls, vandalism and intimidation by rival football fans (The Independent, 2004). The term football hooligan has been created by the media to identify trouble makers during football matches. In the 1960s the media was flexible and indeterminate in giving the label to different types of incidents. Clarke, (1978) suggested that football hooliganism is seen by many people to mean violence or disorder involving football fans. Football hooligans are thought of as being violent people who want to cause trouble. Evidence has suggested that most of the football hooligans are in the age range of their 18 25 (Porter, 2002). In addition, evidence has shown that most hooligans come from a working class background which suggests that they are generally from low paid occupations. Some may be of unemployment or are working within a poor economy therefor hooligansim in football could take place to let off steam (Clarke, 1978). Specific types of disorder have been associated with hooliganism. One incident where hooliganism has been labelled to the incident is spontaneous and low level disorder which is caused by rival fans at or around football matches. Another incident where the hooligan label has been given is when there has been a deliberate and intentional violence which involves organised groups consisting largely of men who attach themselves to different football clubs and fight rival firms from other clubs (Sugden, 2003). Fights can break out between rival firms before or after football matches. In addition the main hooligans of the firms could pre-arrange locations away from stadiums in order to avoid any arrests by the police. The fights can happen without warning at the stadium or in the surrounding streets (Scott Pearson, 2007). Football hooliganism ranges from shouts to opposing fans to actual fist fights that can then lead to riots. In some major incidents people have been killed some of who may have been a by stander and just got caught up in the trouble. In cases that esculate out of control, riot police have stepped in with tear gas, armoured vehicles and water cannons to try and control the problems (Reiner, 1985). Buford, (1992) stated that football hooliganism first occurred in the late 1960s, which later peaked in later years of the 1970s and the mid 1980s. The problem seemed to subside following the Heysel and Hillsborough disasters involving Liverpool supporters. In the past, stadium brawls have resulted in fans fleeing in fear which caused some fans to be killed when fences or walls collapsed (Murphy et al, 1990) 29 May 1985 is a date that will be sat in the memory of many football fans. This date is significant because it was a day that resulted in the deaths of 39 Juventus supporters and a ban being placed upon English clubs. This ban from European competition was set for a period of five years. The European Cup Final took place in Brussels at the Heysel stadium. The stadium was old but still had been chosen to hold the final regardless of doubts and worries both stressed from both Liverpool and Juventus (Maguire, 1986). Problems occurred during the game between the rival fans. Liverpool fans ran into an area that was occupied by the Italian Juventus fans and as the Juventus fans tried to flee from the disorder a part of the stands wall collapsed. This resulted in many of the fans being crushed. UEFA, as a result of the incident placed a ban on all English clubs taking part from European competition football for an indefinite time. The ban was set for five years for English clubs but a ten year ban was placed on Liverpool. This ban was not completed as they only served six years of the ban and returned to European competition one year after later than the other English clubs. Liverpool fans had argued that Juventus supporters started the violence by throwing stones and other missiles such as bottles. Other fans have said that inadequate organisation for the match and a lack of crowd control by the Belgian authorities was the reason why this problem occurred. They blame insufficient numbers of police inside the stadium and feel if this problem was sorted it would have prevented fans from clashing. The Heysel disaster is still a reminder for people in Italy and the perception of an English fan as a hooligan still remains. As a result of the Heysel disaster, any large gathering that involves drinking and chanting are viewed as threatening to Italian fans even if the English fans are normal fans. Even though there is only a minority of football fans that cause trouble at games English fans have been labelled as hooligans who give a bad name for the normal, family and friendly fan. Although the blame for the trouble that occurred at Heysel stadium is shifted b etween the fans and the policing, this incident was put down to hooliganism (Marsh, 1996) With this tragedy hanging over the head of English football there was another stadium disaster again involving Liverpool fans. This disaster happened at Hillsborough stadium in Sheffield in 1989. There were 96 Liverpool fans that were crushed which resulted in death and hundreds more fans were injured on the security fenced terraces of Hillsborough (Jones, 1992). Before the match Liverpool fans had to enter the stadium at their particular stand at Leppings Lane. This end of the stadium along with a large majority of the rest of the stadium was structurally bad and fans entered through a small number of dilapidated turnstiles. Many of the Liverpool fans entered on to the terraced area in the lower stand. This part of the stadium was surrounded with steel fences and was divided into five separate pens. The Fencing around the pitch had been put in place during the 1970s and 80s to control large crowds and to prevent pitch invasions and to separate rival fans. The pens that the fans were occupying behind the goal were full and outside the stadium there were still thousands of fans who were trying to get in. The official capacity of the pens was 2,200. It was later exposed that this capacity should have been reduced to 1,600 because the barriers that were installed three years before the incident did not meet the official safety standards. The pol ice have come into blame for the disaster because they had ordered a large exit gate to be opened to ease the crush outside the ground. When the gate was opened, around 2,000 fans made their way into the stadium and headed towards an entrance tunnel that lead straight to the already full pens. This incursion of fans had caused major overcrowding and resulted in severe crushing in the pens. The Liverpool fans began climbing over the side fences into the comparatively less occupied pens to escape. It was suggested that more than 3,000 supporters were placed in the central pens behind the goal which was almost double the safe capacity (Jones, 1992). When the game kicked off trouble occurred behind the goal in the Liverpool end. Five minutes into the game a crash barrier that was put up to prevent problems like this collapsed which resulted in people falling over and on top of each other. Liverpool supporters tried to climb the perimeter fences to escape to safety, and while others were pulled out of danger by other supporters in the upper tiers of the stand, many fans had already been crushed and many died. Bodies were being removed by surviving fans in an attempt to save anybody in danger but despite their efforts many of the fans were already dead. Fans used all manner of equipment to try and save other fans. Advertising boards were used as stretchers as ambulances and first aid were over run. When the problem occurred the police instructed the referee to stop the game. Ambulances with first aid equipment and fire fighters with specialist cutting equipment had difficulty getting into the stadium. Although many ambulances were sent to the incident, the access to the pitch was deferred because the police were reporting crowd trouble. This action could have caused more deaths than was necessary and therefore if the police had been quick enough to perceive the problem then many lives could have been saved. There was an inquiry into the disaster which was led by Lord Chief Justice Taylor. He recognized that the main cause of the disaster was a breakdown of police crowd control. He stated that the key factor of police control was the problem and the failure to close off the tunnel leading to pens behind the goal caused the crushing. He went on to condemn the police for their inability to deal with the accumulation of fans outside the ground properly and for their slow reaction to the disaster. The commander of police, Chief Superintendent David Duckenfield was criticised by Taylor for failing to take effective control of the situation that occurred. South Yorkshire police attempted to blame supporters for the crush because they arrived at the stadium late and drunk. Regardless of the Taylor report, which was also very critical of Sheffield Wednesday Football Club as well as the Sheffield City Council, in 1990 the executive of public prosecutions decided not to bring any unlawful charges against any individual, group or body due to inadequate evidence. This disaster had been firstly blamed on football hooligans but evidence suggests that it was the opposite of this. Reports have said that the disaster happened because of bad policing at the match and that the fans actions were because they were looking for safety whilst in the situation of panic. After this disaster major changes occurred in English football. Football stadiums were ordered to take down the fencing surrounding the pitches that were put up top prevent crowd trouble after this disaster and all seated stadiums were planned. The Football Supporters Association said that change in football hooliganism and policing of matches could be traced back to 1985 when problems resulted in 39 Italian fans being killed at a European Cup final during rioting by Liverpool supporters (Perryman, 2002). A great deal of soul searching among football fans had been encouraged after the tragedy and English teams were given a five year ban in European competition. English teams returned to Europe in 1991. A game between Manchester United and Barcelona was to be played for the European Cup Winners Cup in Rotterdam. Approximately 26,000 Manchester United fans travelled to Holland and reports suggested that there were just 28 arrests of which the majority was for drunkenness. Brown said that there was no doubt that football has changed (Humphries, 1995). Past hooligans have grown up and retired from any kind of hooliganism in football. New sets of hooligans and those young enough to replace them find it difficult to get into matches because of the increased policing of the situation. Capacity at a football match is down because new stadium regulations state that they must be all seated. Along with this, tickets have increased in price and getting into a match is harder as you can no longer pay at the turnstile gate. All tickets are purchased prior to the game and can only be bought if you are a member of the club. Although some games have tickets spare in which they are put on general sale. Even when this is the case tickets are to be bought in the official membership offices therefore tickets can be tracked down to their owner. This change in football was set to try and prevent the young, casual fan who was your typical hooligan (Scott, 2003) The National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) produced a report that exposed the number of arrests for football hooliganism in England and Wales. Their findings suggested that problems occurring at matches were up 8% in 2007. It also demonstrated that violence inside stadiums is now rare but the problem had moved to different areas away from the stadium and away from the majority of police to places such as pubs and train stations where intelligence was unaware of the happenings. The Football Supporters Association (FSA) believed that the tendency for football related violence in general is lower. The broad agreement was that there has been a vast development from the circumstances in the 1970s and 1980s. The NCIS statistics are certain to reopen the discussion on football hooliganism (Sleap, 1998). Football hooliganism has been reported to have first occurred in England. This media labelled English disease has proved highly contagious. In Europe the hooligan tradition is a much bigger predicament than in its country of derivation. Supporters of teams in Italy and Germany as well as other nations can all say to have caught Englands hooligan crisis. As these countries began to tighten up on hooliganism, new firms were being organised and violence started in the in countries such as Poland and Hungary. The legendary super hooligan armies, such as Manchester Uniteds Red Army and West Hams Inter City Firm, have become less publicised under the combined forces of severe legislation, all seated stadium, supporter segregation and closed circuit television (ONeill, 2005) The change of the typical hooligan through the years has shown that hooligans are now hard to identify. The change came in the late 70s. A different style of hooligan was identified and the term casual was placed upon many. There were also other names given to hooligans depending on where they came from. Perry boys from Manchester and scallies from Liverpool where two of numerous other regional names given for a similar type of football fan (Brimson, 2007) The casual scene was created from Liverpool fans in the 1970s. When Liverpool travelled to Europe for European competition a number of Liverpool fans started to steal clothes from designer shops. The expensive sportswear and designer labels found in Europe then found their way onto the terraces which resulted in the term casuals (Brimson, 2003). Many firms were going on trips to Europe to places such as Germany and France in order to steal from designer sports shops. They found this easy because security in European countries was much more negligent than back in the UK. Over a few year period, many football fans were wearing the expensive sport brands, with individual firms showing preference to particular brands such as Fila, Lacoste and Sergio Tachini (Brimson, 2006). England was said to have been the hotbed for football hooliganism through the 70s and 80s. Firms such as Manchester Uniteds Red Army, West Hams Inter City Firm (ICF), Millwalls Bushwhackers and Chelseas Head hunters were among the big named firms in England. European and South American teams have developed hooligan firms and the problem have been identifies and reports suggest that they have caused the problem of football violence to escalate. Weapons which include items such as knives, bats and firearms have produced a fresh culture of football hooliganism. The progress of development on football grounds, CCTV and elevated levels of policing at football matches have resulted in the number of arrests for hooliganism falling and during most games incidents of crowd trouble pass without any confrontation. Although, Dunning et al (2002), believe that football hooliganism is still experienced in many countries, especially in places of high unemployment. Whether it is the national side or club sides, England always have a strong following of supporters. England also has a reputation for violent behaviour with an extraordinary number of incidents occurring over three decades (Kerr, 1994). Disorder in and around English stadiums has reduced since the 1970s and 1980s. Hargreaves (1986) believed that English football stadiums are safer than if you were to go to a regular town centre on a Saturday night out. The problem of hooliganism showed signs of control, but trouble occurred during a carling cup match between West Ham United and Millwall in 2009. Violence surrounding Millwalls visit to West Ham led to 13 arrests. This suggested the question of should we panic about the chance of a return of hooliganism? Fighting on the football pitch between police and groups of angry young men, fighting rivals through the surrounding streets and drink fuelled aggression on public transport are sights that are recognizable to problems that were witnessed during football matches through the 1970s and 1980s. The problem that occurred at West Ham United is much different from the representation that the English leagues have proposed over recent years. A report published in 1999 revealed that football hooliganism in Britain had increased, for the first time in six years. The National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) reported that arrests for violent disorder at football matches almost doubled over the last season. Drew (1999), said that while the number of people involved in football related violence remained relatively small, they were well organised, and often used football matches as a cover for other criminal activity. The declining arrests at matches over a 20 year period suggest troublemakers are a minority. Pearson (2009) said that the trouble at West Ham does not correspond to a revival of the clashes in the past. While the annual number of arrests plummeted in excess of 6,000 in the mid-80s to less than 4,000 at present, the predicament of football hooliganism has by no means disappeared. The police are continually challenging to stop the progress of the compilation of supporters fighting with each other but the problem occurs more often than not away from the football stadium, between railway stations and pubs (Downes and Rock, 2005). Better guidelines of matches and ticketing policies requiring the names and the addresses of the ticket holder have made it easier to categorize hooligans. This knowledge of hooligans can result in the person being excluded from entering stadiums for up to a period of 10 years by courts. Pearson (1998) stated that we should be concerned about going back to the dark days of hooliganism. While there are still groups that associate themselves with football hooligan firms and still systematize aggression, the statistics involved are less significant. Away from the stadiums, smaller quantities of fans are expected to be implicated in disorder. Williams (2009), agrees that turmoil at one game does not correspond to reappearance in football violence but goes on to say that it would be dangerous to think we are in a post hooliganism era, particularly for fixtures with a history of violence such as West Ham United and Millwall. Hooliganism in football is an extremely evident occurrence. This is due to journalists and TV cameras being in attendance at the matches. Journalists have been sent to football matches since the 1960s to account crowd activities as much as on the game itself. Media coverage of football correlated disorder and violence is widespread as a result and the British tabloid press especially offer unrestrained column inches to any incident that transpires along with scandalous headlines (Cohen, 1970). Although there has been no direct comparable of the British journalist limits in other European counties, research has recognized inconvenience relating to media exposure of football hooliganism (Ingham, 1978). In the countries with high levels of disorder at football matches, research has established that hooligans enjoy the media exposure they obtain, and often seek it. Rival firms enthusiastically battle for column inches in papers and mentions in exciting headlines (Armstrong, 1998). The media manipulate football hooliganism greatly. This has been publicized in a recent football hooliganism report produced by the European Parliament. The report suggested that the media should steer clear of sensationalism and should encourage fairness and sporting principles (Greenfield 2006). The media portrayal of football hooliganism has been glamorised by documentaries and films such as The Football factory and Green Street which include West Ham United fans. This media representation gives an appalling name for football fans. West Hams firm is known as the Inter City Firm (ICF) which came from their use of the rail network to travel to and from matches. When using the trains they would meet in pre arranged locations with rival firms to fight. After any meeting with rival fans, The ICF would leave a calling card to show they had caused trouble at matches, which frequently implicated hostility between themselves and opposition fans and by destroying their pubs (Scott and Pearson, 2006). The Inter City Firms reputation has been glamorised and brought to the public eye. This has been accomplished by films and books that have been committed to the subject of hooliganism at football matches. A film called The firm follows the main leader of the ICF and is an example of these films. The firm is a vicious look at football violence and other related films such as the Rise Of The Foot soldier show the problems that occurred during the 1970s and 80s and also a look at how hooliganism works nowadays. Rise of the foot soldier is a film which follows the life of Carlton Leach and his rise up the criminal underworld beginning with West Hams hooligan element. This shows that hooliganism can lead to a much worse life of crime. Cass Pennant is a renowned figure that developed from West Hams ICF firm. He has writing many books on his life in football hooliganism and has been the focus to his own movie in the film Cass. Cass Pennants story is extraordinary given the high levels of racism common during the 1970s and 80s in Britain. Cass worked his way to the top of the firm and he later went on to become one of the generals of the ICF despite being black. With Pennant being the leader of the ICF during times of high levels of racism, this shows how much influence violence has on football because he became the main leader of the firm and was well known and respected around the country because of his reputation. Football Hooliganism has been labelled the English Disease on many occasions (Mason, 1979). This label has not been limited to England as other countries also have grave hooligan problems, possibly worse than in England. In Italy, vicious groups within the Ultra factions have in recent times been subjective to a large quantity of severe brutal incidents including attacks on English fans. (Greenfield, 2006). The risks of problems in Italy are particularly high in Rome, and in 2007 hooliganism resulted in the death of a police officer. In the same year Manchester United fans were involved in trouble with the police during a match against AS Roma. After a goal was scored by AS Roma, Manchester United fans retaliated to the home fans who threw objects such as bottles into the Manchester United away end of the stand. When the two groups of supporters come together they were separated by a Perspex barrier. Police stepped in to stop the trouble but were heavy handed and assaulted Manchester United fans with police batons. The police tried to control the problem but were the main reason for the disorder. Many people said that Manchester United Hooligans were to blame for the trouble but footage shows that police could not control the problem correctly resulting in many Manchester United fans being injured. After the incident the Sun newspaper stated that Manchester United fans were charged by police with batons during the 2-1 defeat in Roma. They went on to say that Manchester United Supporters had been compressed back away from the police as they reacted heatedly to being taunted by rival Roma fans. In the column where the story was published the reporter said that One supporter was hit over the head and needed treatment for a bloodied head. United followers had been barracked after a goal went in just before half time in the Champions League quarter-final first-leg match. The Roma fans charged towards a plastic partition that separated the both set off fans. In response, some of the United fans broke the line of stewards that were the security for the match and hurled objects back over the partition towards the AS Roma supporters. This shows that Manchester United fans were not the only fans to blame. Although they reacted badly to the situation, the Italian fans started the disorder and the Italian police continued to cause problems. The Sun newspaper went on to say Before the game, seven Manchester United fans had already been injured when they clashed with AS Roma supporters outside the ground. (The Sun, 2007) The severe disarray between sections of Ultras has led to stadium closures and resulted in matches being played with no fans within the stadium. It could also result in the failure of Italys attempt to hold the 2012 European Championships in their country. After the disorder in Italy, the return match at Old Trafford in Manchester was set to be heavily policed because of the fear that trouble would occur. Just as the police thought, fighting broke out between Manchester United fans and AS Roma fans. This incident was better policed and arrests were made with no heavy handed policing situations. Although trouble occurred out side the stadium before the match, no trouble occurred within the stadium and Manchester United came away 7 -1 winner on the night. A number of different approaches have been used by the police in order to police football hooliganism. One of the key approaches has been the use of undercover operations. The use of plain clothes officers to infiltrate groups of hooligans has been used in the UK since the 1960s (Pratt et al, 1984) Football hooliganism will never disappear from the game. This is because whenever there are large groups of people together, of whom consume large amounts of alcohol, there is the possibility that disorder can occur whether or not there is a match taking place. Many types of lawful resources and policing tactics have been attempted to control hooliganism, including prevention sentencing, laws such as the Football Offences Act (1991) and also the formation of the Football Intelligence Unit. During the apparent stature of football hooliganism in the 1970s and 80s, consecutive governments put into practice a succession of aggressive policies that enclosed a small amount of evidence to suggest an understanding of hooliganism. they served only to make the problem worse and created an ever more argumentative approach between football fans and the police. Other methods have driven the violence away from the instantaneous surroundings of the football ground (Taylor, 1971) Attempts to prevent hooliganism have seen legislation such as the Football Disorder Act (2000). This was set up to put a stop to alleged hooligans travelling abroad. This method has serious penalties for the normal innocent fans. There is apprehension concerning banning orders and whether the bans would have any effect in dropping the rates of disorder in football that involve English fans when playing abroad, taking into consideration the evidence that suggests that it is not the recognized hooligans who are caught up in the incidents (Stott and Pearson 2007). Since the Taylor report (1990) Football hooliganism has changed considerably.All-seated stadiums have been introduced and all teams must make an attempt to rectify any underlying problems in relation to standing areas at stadiums. Football Intelligence and Closed Circuit Television have helped to deal with the situation because the trouble makers cant get away with the incident as they would have done before the CCTV was put into operation. This means that incidents of aggression within football stadiums are rare. Additionally, arrests for football related offences have reduced radically since the late 1980s. At the same time, attendances have increased (Morris, 1981). The extent of the disorder is often inflated by unnecessary media reporting and many times English supporters have been the victims of attacks by neighbouring fans or the police to a certain extent than being the provokers. The press has characteristically claimed such disorder is the consequence of hooligans travelling with the purpose of hostility and being capable to expose the drunken English fans into disarray. Stott and Pearsons (2007) criticised this observation and recommended that outside issues such as unsystematic policing and the attendance of hostile neighbouring youths were typically the source of rioting relating to English fans abroad. UK police have to handle the problem of prearranged football hooligan firms aiming to face up to each other on a expected foundation. The disorder is seldom accounted as a result of the lack of exposure of the occurrence and as it generally occurs far from the stadiums and normal fans do not affected by it (Dunning et al, 1988) In conclusion, Football Hooliganism is a well conceived, presented subject that discusses a great deal on the subject of anti-social behaviour, which is a problem that seems to get larger and larger in organised societies (Downes and Rock, 2005). Football hooliganism is detrimental to the sport. As a result of safety measures and controlling of supporters, hooliganism has changed (Neurberge, 1993). To avoid excesses in hooliganism in future, fierce measures will have to be balanced by a social preventive approach. From research, several elements are critical to avoid excesses in hooliganism (Hutchinson, 1982) The UK has been perceived as having the biggest and longest problem with hooliganism and has as a result taken the lead in the policing of this problem Hooliganism still presents a problem for the Police. The prevention of football hooliganism depends on the efforts of a variety of institutions (Pearson, 1983). The prevention of football hooliganism requires a concentrated and continuous response. Despite resemblances, football hooliganism is nested within particular fan cultures. Prevention strategies should therefore be designed to fit local needs (Dunning et al, 1993) Football violence has been reported to have been a problem in Britain since the formation of the game. Regardless of the major development that has been made to tackle the state of affairs, in all probability it will still be a predicament for the remainder of time (Ferguson, 1993). Fans who stopped going to watch football matches years ago due to the violence involved in football hooliganism, should now feel safe to return to matches as it is not the concern it once was. In spite of the guarantee we get from football authorities and the government, most fans will still walk to games with a thought in the back of their mind and a glance over their shoulder to make the